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he signed himself out

  • 1 sign

    sign [saɪn]
    signe1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e)-(g) symbole1 (a) geste1 (b) signal1 (c) panneau1 (d) écriteau1 (d) enseigne1 (d) signer2 (a), 3 (a) engager2 (b) signer un contrat3 (b)
    1 noun
    (a) (symbol → gen) signe m, symbole m; Mathematics, Music & Linguistics signe m;
    this sign means "real leather" ce symbole signifie "cuir véritable";
    plus/minus sign signe m plus/moins
    (b) (gesture, motion) signe m;
    to make a sign to sb faire signe à qn;
    to make a rude sign faire un geste grossier;
    she made a sign for me to enter elle m'a fait signe d'entrer;
    the chief made signs for me to follow him le chef m'a fait signe de le suivre;
    to make the sign of the cross faire le signe de croix;
    wait until the policeman gives the sign to cross attendez que le policier vous fasse signe de traverser;
    the victory sign le signe de la victoire
    a lighted lamp in the window is the sign that it's safe une lampe allumée à la fenêtre signifie qu'il n'y a pas de danger;
    when I give the sign, run à mon signal, courez
    (d) (written notice → gen) panneau m; (→ smaller) écriteau m; (→ on shop, bar, cinema etc) enseigne f;
    the signs are all in Arabic tous les panneaux sont en arabe;
    follow the signs for Manchester suivre les panneaux indiquant Manchester;
    I didn't see the stop sign je n'ai pas vu le stop;
    traffic signs panneaux mpl de signalisation;
    a 'for sale' sign un écriteau 'à vendre'
    (e) (evidence, indication) signe m, indice m; Medicine signe m;
    his speech was interpreted as a sign of goodwill on a interprété son discours comme un signe de bonne volonté;
    as a sign of respect en témoignage ou en signe de respect;
    they wear red as a sign of mourning ils portent le rouge en signe de deuil;
    a distended belly is a sign of malnutrition un ventre dilaté est un signe de sous-alimentation;
    a red sunset is a sign of fair weather un coucher de soleil rouge est signe qu'il fera beau;
    it's a sign of the times c'est un signe des temps;
    it's a good sign if he's making jokes c'est bon signe s'il fait des plaisanteries;
    at the first sign of trouble, he goes to pieces au premier petit problème, il craque;
    it's a sure sign that… à n'en pas douter, c'est le signe que…+ indicative;
    were there any signs of a struggle? y avait-il des traces de lutte?;
    all the signs are that the economy is improving tout laisse à penser que l'économie s'améliore;
    the room showed signs of having been recently occupied il était clair que la pièce avait récemment été occupée;
    there's no sign of her changing her mind rien n'indique qu'elle va changer d'avis;
    there's no sign of the file anywhere on ne trouve trace du dossier nulle part;
    he gave no sign of having heard me il n'a pas eu l'air de m'avoir entendu;
    is there any sign of Amy yet? - not a sign est-ce qu'on a eu des nouvelles de Amy? - pas la moindre nouvelle;
    is there any sign of the missing child? est-ce qu'il y a une trace de l'enfant disparu?;
    since then, he's given no sign of life depuis lors, il n'a pas donné signe de vie;
    there is little sign of progress in the negotiations les négociations ne semblent pas avancer
    (f) Astrology signe m;
    what sign are you? de quel signe êtes-vous?
    a sign from God un signe de Dieu
    (a) (document, book) signer;
    sign your name here signez ici;
    here are the letters to be signed voici les lettres à signer;
    a signed Picasso lithograph une lithographie signée par Picasso;
    he gave me a signed photo of himself il m'a donné une photo dédicacée;
    American do you want to sign this to your room? je le mets sur votre note?;
    she signs herself A.M. Hall elle signe A.M. Hall;
    to sign a deal passer un marché;
    the deal will be signed and sealed tomorrow l'affaire sera définitivement conclue demain;
    Law signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of… fait et signé en présence de…;
    figurative you're signing your own death warrant vous signez votre arrêt de mort
    (b) (footballer, musician, band) engager;
    he's been signed for next season il a été engagé pour la saison prochaine
    the museum is not very well signed la signalisation du musée n'est pas très bonne
    to sign assent faire signe que oui;
    to sign sb to do sth faire signe à qn de faire qch
    (a) (write name) signer;
    he signed with an X il a signé d'une croix;
    to sign on the dotted line signer à l'endroit indiqué; figurative s'engager
    (b) (footballer, musician, band) signer un contrat;
    he signed for United il a signé avec United
    to sign to sb to do sth faire signe à qn de faire qch
    (d) (know sign language) connaître la langue des signes; (use sign language) communiquer en langue des signes ou par signes;
    they were signing to each other ils se parlaient par signes
    ►► sign language (UNCOUNT) langue f des signes;
    to speak in sign language parler par signes;
    using sign language, he managed to ask for food (en s'exprimant) par signes, il s'est débrouillé pour demander à manger;
    sign painter (of lettering) peintre m en lettres; (of pub signs etc) peintre m d'enseignes
    (right, land, inheritance) se désister de; (independence) renoncer à; (power, control) abandonner;
    I felt I was signing away my freedom j'avais l'impression qu'en signant je renonçais à ma liberté;
    you're signing your life away c'est comme si tu signais ton arrêt de mort
    to sign for a delivery/a registered letter signer un bon de livraison/le récépissé d'une lettre recommandée;
    the files have to be signed for il faut signer pour retirer les dossiers
    she's signed for another series elle s'est engagée à faire un autre feuilleton
    sign in
    (a) (at hotel) remplir sa fiche (d'hôtel); (in club) signer le registre
    (b) (worker) pointer (en arrivant)
    (a) (guest) inscrire (en faisant signer le registre);
    I'm a member, so I can sign you in je suis membre, donc je peux vous faire entrer;
    guests must be signed in les visiteurs doivent se faire inscrire dès leur arrivée
    (b) (file, book) rendre, retourner
    (a) Radio & Television terminer l'émission;
    it's time to sign off for today il est l'heure de nous quitter pour aujourd'hui
    I'll sign off now je vais conclure ici
    sign on
    (a) (register as unemployed) s'inscrire au chômage;
    you have to sign on every two weeks il faut pointer (au chômage) toutes les deux semaines
    (b) (enrol) s'inscrire;
    she signed on for an evening class elle s'est inscrite à des cours du soir
    (c) Computing ouvrir une session
    (a) British (enrol → student, participant) inscrire
    (b) esp American (recruit → employee, staff) embaucher
    (a) (file, car) retirer (contre décharge); (library book) emprunter;
    the keys are signed out to Mr Hill c'est M. Hill qui a signé pour retirer les clés
    (b) (hospital patient) autoriser le départ de;
    he signed himself out il est parti sous sa propre responsabilité
    (guest) signer le registre (en partant); (worker) pointer (en partant)
    transférer;
    she signed the property over to her son elle a transféré la propriété au nom de son fils;
    the house is being signed over to its new owners tomorrow les nouveaux propriétaires entrent en possession de la maison demain
    sign up
    (a) (employee) embaucher; Military (recruit) engager; (player, musician) engager
    (b) (student, participant) inscrire
    (a) (for job) se faire embaucher;
    he signed up as a crew member il s'est fait embaucher comme membre d'équipage
    (b) Military (enlist) s'engager;
    to sign up for the Marines s'engager dans les marines
    (c) (enrol) s'inscrire;
    she signed up for an evening class elle s'est inscrite à des cours du soir

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > sign

  • 2 sign

    1. noun
    1) (a mark used to mean something; a symbol: is the sign for addition.) señal
    2) (a notice set up to give information (a shopkeeper's name, the direction of a town etc) to the public: road-sign.) señal, panel, letrero
    3) (a movement (eg a nod, wave of the hand) used to mean or represent something: He made a sign to me to keep still.) gesto, seña
    4) (a piece of evidence suggesting that something is present or about to come: There were no signs of life at the house and he was afraid they were away; Clouds are often a sign of rain.) signo

    2. verb
    1) (to write one's name (on): Sign at the bottom, please.) firmar
    2) (to write (one's name) on a letter, document etc: He signed his name on the document.) firmar
    3) (to make a movement of the head, hand etc in order to show one's meaning: She signed to me to say nothing.) hacer señas
    - signpost
    - sign in/out
    - sign up

    sign1 n
    1. señal / seña
    2. letrero / señal
    the sign said "Beware of the dog" en el letrero ponía "Cuidado con el perro"
    3. signo
    4. señal / indicio
    sign2 vb
    1. firmar
    sign here, please firma aquí, por favor
    2. fichar
    tr[saɪn]
    1 (symbol) signo, símbolo
    2 (gesture) gesto, seña; (signal) señal nombre femenino
    3 (indication) señal nombre femenino, indicio, muestra; (proof) prueba; (trace) rastro
    there was no sign of them anywhere no se los veía por ninguna parte, no había ni rastro de ellos
    all the signs are that... todo parece indicar que...
    4 (board) letrero; (notice) anuncio, aviso; (over shop) letrero, rótulo
    1 (letter, document, cheque, etc) firmar
    sign your name here, please firme aquí, por favor
    2 (player, group) fichar (on/up, -)
    3 (gesture) hacer una seña/señal
    1 (write name) firmar
    2 (player, group) fichar (for/with, por)
    3 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (use sign language) comunicarse por señas, hablar por señas
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as a sign of como muestra de
    a sign of the times un signo de los tiempos que corren
    to make the sign of the cross hacer la señal de la cruz
    to sign one's own death warrant firmar su propia sentencia de muerte
    sign language lenguaje nombre masculino por señas
    sign of the zodiac signo del zodíaco
    sign ['saɪn] vt
    1) : firmar
    to sign a check: firmar un cheque
    2) or to sign on hire: contratar (a un empleado), fichar (a un jugador)
    sign vi
    1) : hacer una seña
    she signed for him to stop: le hizo una seña para que se parara
    2) : comunicarse por señas
    sign n
    1) symbol: símbolo m, signo m
    minus sign: signo de menos
    2) gesture: seña f, señal f, gesto m
    3) : letrero m, cartel m
    neon sign: letrero de neón
    4) trace: señal f, indicio m
    n.
    amago s.m.
    aparato s.m.
    asomo s.m.
    huella s.f.
    indicación s.f.
    indicio s.m.
    letrero s.m.
    marca s.f.
    muestra s.f.
    rótulo s.m.
    seña s.f.
    señal s.f.
    signo (Matemática) s.m.
    vestigio s.m.
    v.
    escriturar v.
    firmar v.
    subscribir v.
    suscribir v.
    saɪn
    I
    1)
    a) c u ( indication) señal f, indicio m

    all the signs are that... — todo parece indicar que...

    b) c ( omen) presagio m
    2) c ( gesture) seña f, señal f

    to make a sign to somebody — hacerle* una seña or una señal a alguien

    to make the sign of the cross — hacerse* la señal de la cruz, santiguarse*

    3) c
    a) (notice, board) letrero m, cartel m; ( in demonstration) pancarta f
    b) ( road sign) señal f (vial)
    4) c
    a) ( symbol) símbolo m; ( Math) signo m

    plus/minus sign — signo (de) más/menos

    b) ( Astrol) signo m

    II
    1.
    a) ( write signature on) firmar
    b) ( hire) \<\<actor\>\> contratar; \<\<player\>\> fichar, contratar

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( write name) firmar
    b) ( Busn)
    2)
    a) ( gesture)

    to sign TO somebody to + INF: she signed to me to sit down — me hizo una seña or una señal para que me sentara

    b) ( use sign language) comunicarse* por señas

    3.
    v refl

    he signed himself (as) J. Bell — se firmaba J. Bell, firmaba con el nombre de J. Bell

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [saɪn]
    1. N
    1) (=indication) señal f, indicio m ; (Med) síntoma m

    it's a sign of raines señal or indicio de lluvia

    at the first sign of a cold, take vitamin C — al primer indicio de un resfriado, tome vitamina C

    it's a good/bad sign — es buena/mala señal

    to show signs of sth/doing sth — dar muestras or señales de algo/de hacer algo

    2) (=gesture) seña f

    to communicate by signshablar or comunicarse por señas

    to make the sign of the Cross — hacerse la señal de la cruz, santiguarse

    3) (=notice) letrero m ; (=road sign) señal f (de tráfico); (=direction indicator) indicador m ; (=shop sign) letrero m, rótulo m ; (US) (carried in demonstration) pancarta f

    exit signletrero m de salida

    4) (=written symbol) símbolo m ; (Math, Mus, Astrol) signo m

    what sign are you? — ¿de qué signo eres?

    plus/minus sign — signo de más/menos

    2. VT
    1) [+ contract, agreement, treaty] firmar

    she signs herself B. Smith — firma con el nombre B. Smith

    signed and sealed — firmado y lacrado, firmado y sellado

    2) (=recruit) [+ player] fichar, contratar; [+ actor, band] contratar
    3) (=use sign language)

    the programme is signed for the hearing-impaired — el programa incluye traducción simultánea al lenguaje de signos para aquellos con discapacidades auditivas

    3. VI

    sign here please — firme aquí, por favor

    dotted line
    2) (=be recruited) (Sport) firmar un contrato

    he has signed for or with Arsenal — ha firmado un contrato con el Arsenal, ha fichado por el Arsenal (Sp)

    3) (=signal) hacer señas
    4) (=use sign language) hablar con señas
    4.
    CPD

    sign language Nlenguaje m por señas

    sign painter, sign writer Nrotulista mf

    * * *
    [saɪn]
    I
    1)
    a) c u ( indication) señal f, indicio m

    all the signs are that... — todo parece indicar que...

    b) c ( omen) presagio m
    2) c ( gesture) seña f, señal f

    to make a sign to somebody — hacerle* una seña or una señal a alguien

    to make the sign of the cross — hacerse* la señal de la cruz, santiguarse*

    3) c
    a) (notice, board) letrero m, cartel m; ( in demonstration) pancarta f
    b) ( road sign) señal f (vial)
    4) c
    a) ( symbol) símbolo m; ( Math) signo m

    plus/minus sign — signo (de) más/menos

    b) ( Astrol) signo m

    II
    1.
    a) ( write signature on) firmar
    b) ( hire) \<\<actor\>\> contratar; \<\<player\>\> fichar, contratar

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( write name) firmar
    b) ( Busn)
    2)
    a) ( gesture)

    to sign TO somebody to + INF: she signed to me to sit down — me hizo una seña or una señal para que me sentara

    b) ( use sign language) comunicarse* por señas

    3.
    v refl

    he signed himself (as) J. Bell — se firmaba J. Bell, firmaba con el nombre de J. Bell

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > sign

  • 3 sign

    1. noun
    1) (symbol, gesture, signal, mark) Zeichen, das
    2) (Astrol.)

    sign [of the zodiac] — [Tierkreis]zeichen, das; Sternzeichen, das

    what sign are you?welches Tierkreiszeichen od. Sternzeichen bist du?

    3) (notice) Schild, das

    [direction] sign — Wegweiser, der

    [advertising] sign — Reklameschild, das; Reklame, die; (illuminated, flashing) Leuchtreklame, die

    danger sign(lit. or fig.) Gefahrenzeichen, das

    4) (outside shop etc.) see academic.ru/67219/signboard">signboard
    5) (indication) Zeichen, das; (of future event) Anzeichen, das

    there is little/no/every sign of something/that... — wenig/nichts/alles deutet auf etwas (Akk.) hin od. deutet darauf hin, dass...

    show [no] signs of fatigue/strain/improvement — etc. [keine] Anzeichen der Müdigkeit / Anstrengung / Besserung usw. zeigen od. erkennen lassen

    the carpet showed little/ some sign[s] of wear — der Teppich wirkte kaum/etwas abgenutzt

    as a sign ofals Zeichen (+ Gen.)

    at the first or slightest sign of something — schon beim geringsten Anzeichen von etwas

    there was no sign of him/the car anywhere — er/der Wagen war nirgends zu sehen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (write one's name etc. on) unterschreiben; [Künstler, Autor:] signieren [Werk]
    2)

    sign one's name — [mit seinem Namen] unterschreiben

    sign oneself R. A. Smith — mit R. A. Smith unterschreiben

    3. intransitive verb
    (write one's name) unterschreiben

    sign for something(acknowledge receipt of something) den Empfang einer Sache (Gen.) bestätigen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (a mark used to mean something; a symbol: is the sign for addition.) das Zeichen
    2) (a notice set up to give information (a shopkeeper's name, the direction of a town etc) to the public: road-sign.) das Schild
    3) (a movement (eg a nod, wave of the hand) used to mean or represent something: He made a sign to me to keep still.) das Zeichen
    4) (a piece of evidence suggesting that something is present or about to come: There were no signs of life at the house and he was afraid they were away; Clouds are often a sign of rain.) das Anzeichen
    2. verb
    1) (to write one's name (on): Sign at the bottom, please.) unterschreiben
    2) (to write (one's name) on a letter, document etc: He signed his name on the document.) unterschreiben
    3) (to make a movement of the head, hand etc in order to show one's meaning: She signed to me to say nothing.) bedeuten mit
    - signboard
    - signpost
    - sign in/out
    - sign up
    * * *
    [saɪn]
    I. n
    1. (gesture) Zeichen nt
    to make the \sign of the cross sich akk bekreuzigen
    a rude \sign eine unverschämte Geste
    to give/make a \sign to sb jdm ein Zeichen geben/machen
    2. (notice) [Straßen-/Verkehrs]schild nt; (signboard) Schild nt; (for shop) Ladenschild nt
    danger \sign Gefahrenschild nt
    stop \sign Stoppschild nt
    3. (symbol) Zeichen nt, Symbol nt
    plus \sign Pluszeichen nt
    4. (polarity sign) Vorzeichen nt
    5. ASTROL (of the zodiac) Sternzeichen nt
    the \sign of Leo das Sternzeichen des Löwen
    6. (indication) [An]zeichen nt; (from God) Zeichen nt
    the children's restlessness is a \sign that they're getting bored die Unruhe der Kinder ist ein Zeichen dafür, dass ihnen langweilig wird; (trace) Spur f; of an animal Fährte f
    the search team could not find any \sign of the climbers die Suchmannschaft konnte keine Spur der Kletterer finden
    the least [or slightest] \sign of confidence das geringste Anzeichen von Vertrauen
    \sign of life Lebenszeichen nt
    a \sign of the times ein Zeichen nt der Zeit
    a sure \sign of sth ein sicheres Zeichen für etw akk
    to read the \signs die Zeichen erkennen
    to show \signs of improvement Anzeichen der Besserung erkennen lassen [o zeigen
    7. no pl (sign language) Gebärdensprache f
    8. (in maths) Zeichen nt
    II. vt
    1. (with signature)
    to \sign sth etw unterschreiben; contract, document etw unterzeichnen; book, painting etw signieren
    he \signed himself ‘Mark Taylor’ er unterschrieb mit ‚Mark Taylor‘
    \sign your name on the dotted line unterschreiben Sie auf der gestrichelten Linie
    to \sign a guest book sich akk ins Gästebuch eintragen
    to \sign a ceasefire einen Waffenstillstand unterzeichnen
    to \sign a cheque einen Scheck unterzeichnen
    to \sign a letter einen Brief unterschreiben [o form unterzeichnen]
    to \sign a register sich akk eintragen
    2. (employ under contract)
    to \sign sb athlete, musician jdn [vertraglich] verpflichten
    to \sign sb to do sth jdm ein Zeichen machen, etw zu tun
    he \signed the waiter to bring him another drink er machte dem Kellner ein Zeichen, ihm noch einen Drink zu bringen
    4. (in sign language)
    to \sign sth etw in der Gebärdensprache ausdrücken
    5.
    to \sign one's own death warrant ( fam) sein eigenes Todesurteil unterschreiben
    \signed, sealed and delivered unter Dach und Fach
    III. vi
    1. (write signature) unterschreiben
    \sign here, please unterschreiben Sie bitte hier
    to \sign for [or with] sb/sth athlete, musician sich akk für jdn/etw [vertraglich] verpflichten
    2. (accept)
    to \sign for a delivery eine Lieferung gegenzeichnen
    3. (use sign language) die Zeichensprache benutzen [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ benützen
    4. (make motion) gestikulieren
    to \sign to sb jdm ein Zeichen geben
    5. COMPUT (log in) unterschreiben
    * * *
    [saɪn]
    1. n
    1) (with hand etc) Zeichen nt

    he nodded as a sign of recognition —

    he gave or made me a sign to stayer gab mir durch ein Zeichen zu verstehen, ich solle bleiben

    2) (= indication MED) Anzeichen nt (of für, +gen); (= evidence) Zeichen nt (of von, +gen); (= trace) Spur f

    a sure/good/bad sign — ein sicheres/gutes/schlechtes Zeichen

    it's a sign of the timeses ist ein Zeichen unserer Zeit

    at the slightest/first sign of disagreement — beim geringsten/ersten Anzeichen von Uneinigkeit

    there is no sign of their agreeing — nichts deutet darauf hin, dass sie zustimmen werden

    he shows signs of doing ites sieht so aus, als ob er es tun würde

    the rain showed no sign(s) of stopping — nichts deutete darauf hin, dass der Regen aufhören würde

    he gave no sign of having hearder ließ nicht erkennen, ob er es gehört hatte

    there was no sign of him/the book anywhere — von ihm/von dem Buch war keine Spur zu sehen

    3) (= road sign, inn sign, shop sign) Schild nt
    4) (= written symbol) Zeichen nt; (= Math) Vorzeichen nt; (ASTRON, ASTROL) (Tierkreis)zeichen nt
    2. vt
    1)

    he signs himself J.G. Jones — er unterschreibt mit J. G. Jones

    2) letter, contract, cheque unterschreiben, unterzeichnen (form); picture, book signieren

    to sign the guest booksich ins Gästebuch eintragen

    signed, sealed and delivered — unter Dach und Fach, fix und fertig (inf)

    3) football player etc unter Vertrag nehmen, einstellen
    4) (= use sign language in) programme, performance in die Gebärdensprache übersetzen
    3. vi
    1)

    (= signal) to sign to sb to do sth — jdm ein Zeichen geben, etw zu tun

    2) (with signature) unterschreiben

    Fellows has just signed for UnitedFellows hat gerade bei United unterschrieben

    3) (= use sign language) die Gebärdensprache benutzen
    * * *
    sign [saın]
    A s
    1. a) Zeichen n, Symbol n (beide auch fig)
    b) auch sign of the cross REL Kreuzzeichen n:
    in ( oder as a) sign of zum Zeichen (gen)
    2. (Schrift)Zeichen n
    3. MATH, MUS (Vor)Zeichen n ( auch IT)
    4. Zeichen n, Wink m:
    give sb a sign, make a sign to sb jemandem ein Zeichen geben
    5. Zeichen n, Signal n
    6. Anzeichen n, Symptom n ( auch MED):
    signs of fatigue Ermüdungserscheinungen;
    a sign of illness ein Krankheitszeichen;
    give no sign of life kein Lebenszeichen von sich geben;
    show only faint signs of life nur schwache Lebenszeichen von sich geben;
    make no sign sich nicht rühren;
    the signs of the times die Zeichen der Zeit;
    there was not a sign of him von ihm war (noch) nichts zu sehen;
    all the signs are that … alles deutet darauf hin, dass …
    7. Kennzeichen n
    8. (Verkehrs- etc) Schild n, (-)Zeichen n
    9. ASTROL (Stern-, Tierkreis) Zeichen n: zodiac
    10. besonders BIBEL (Wunder)Zeichen n:
    signs and wonders Zeichen und Wunder
    11. US Spur f ( auch JAGD)
    B v/t
    1. a) unterzeichnen, -schreiben, auch MAL, TYPO signieren:
    signed, sealed, and delivered (ordnungsgemäß) unterschrieben und ausgefertigt; autograph A 1
    b) sich eintragen in (akk):
    sign the visitors’ book
    2. mit seinem Namen unterzeichnen
    3. sign away Eigentum etc übertragen, -schreiben, abtreten
    4. auch sign on ( oder up) (vertraglich) verpflichten, unter Vertrag nehmen (beide a. SPORT), anstellen, SCHIFF anheuern
    5. REL das Kreuzzeichen machen über (akk oder dat), segnen
    6. jemandem bedeuten ( to do zu tun), jemandem seine Zustimmung etc (durch Zeichen oder Gebärden) zu verstehen geben
    C v/i
    1. unterschreiben, -zeichnen:
    she brought him a letter to sign sie brachte ihm einen Brief zur Unterschrift;
    sign for den Empfang (gen) (durch seine Unterschrift) bestätigen; dot2 B 1
    2. WIRTSCH zeichnen
    3. Zeichen geben, (zu)winken ( beide:
    to dat)
    4. sign on (off) RADIO, TV sein Programm beginnen (beenden):
    we sign off at 10 o’clock Sendeschluss ist um 22 Uhr
    a) sich (in eine Anwesenheitsliste etc) eintragen,
    b) einstempeln
    6. sign off umg
    a) (seine Rede) schließen,
    b) Schluss machen ( im Brief, a. allg),
    c) sich zurückziehen, aussteigen umg
    a) sich (aus einer Anwesenheitsliste etc) austragen,
    b) ausstempeln
    8. auch sign on ( oder up) sich (vertraglich) verpflichten ( for zu), (eine) Arbeit annehmen, SCHIFF anheuern, MIL sich verpflichten ( for auf 5 Jahre etc):
    the player signed on for two years der Spieler unterschrieb einen Zweijahresvertrag
    9. sign off on US umg einen Plan etc absegnen, genehmigen
    s. abk
    1. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    3. see s.
    5. set
    6. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    7. sign
    8. signed gez.
    9. singular Sg.
    10. son
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (symbol, gesture, signal, mark) Zeichen, das
    2) (Astrol.)

    sign [of the zodiac] — [Tierkreis]zeichen, das; Sternzeichen, das

    what sign are you?welches Tierkreiszeichen od. Sternzeichen bist du?

    3) (notice) Schild, das

    [direction] sign — Wegweiser, der

    [advertising] sign — Reklameschild, das; Reklame, die; (illuminated, flashing) Leuchtreklame, die

    danger sign(lit. or fig.) Gefahrenzeichen, das

    4) (outside shop etc.) see signboard
    5) (indication) Zeichen, das; (of future event) Anzeichen, das

    there is little/no/every sign of something/that... — wenig/nichts/alles deutet auf etwas (Akk.) hin od. deutet darauf hin, dass...

    show [no] signs of fatigue/strain/improvement — etc. [keine] Anzeichen der Müdigkeit / Anstrengung / Besserung usw. zeigen od. erkennen lassen

    the carpet showed little/ some sign[s] of wear — der Teppich wirkte kaum/etwas abgenutzt

    as a sign of — als Zeichen (+ Gen.)

    at the first or slightest sign of something — schon beim geringsten Anzeichen von etwas

    there was no sign of him/the car anywhere — er/der Wagen war nirgends zu sehen

    2. transitive verb
    1) (write one's name etc. on) unterschreiben; [Künstler, Autor:] signieren [Werk]
    2)

    sign one's name — [mit seinem Namen] unterschreiben

    sign oneself R. A. Smith — mit R. A. Smith unterschreiben

    3. intransitive verb
    (write one's name) unterschreiben

    sign for something(acknowledge receipt of something) den Empfang einer Sache (Gen.) bestätigen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Hinweistafel f.
    Schild -er n.
    Signum -en (Mathematik) n.
    Symbol -e n.
    Vorzeichen n.
    Wert -e m.
    Zeichen - n. v.
    unterschreiben v.
    unterzeichnen v.

    English-german dictionary > sign

  • 4 sign

    [saɪn] 1. сущ.
    1) знак; символ

    for sale sign — вывеска "продаётся"

    no trespassing sign — знак, запрещающий проход или проезд

    to put up / post a sign — вывешивать знак

    The police put up a sign that the road was closed. — Полиция поставила знак, говорящий о том, что проезд закрыт.

    - sign manual
    - road sign
    - traffic sign
    - sure sign
    - telltale sign
    - unmistakable sign
    - vital signs
    - warning signs
    Syn:
    2)
    а) признак, примета

    There had been no sign that the volcano would erupt. — Не было никаких признаков того, что вулкан начнёт извержение.

    They showed no signs of life. — Они не подавали признаков жизни.

    Syn:
    б) знамение, предзнаменование, предвестие; суеверие

    He showed signs of advanced emphysema. — У него наблюдались симптомы эмфиземы на последней стадии.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) жест, знак

    Give me a sign when they come. — Дай мне знать, когда они придут.

    б) сигнал, знак ( звуковой)
    Syn:
    signal 1.
    5)
    а) = signboard вывеска

    The sign, in faded letters, was suspended over a shop window. — Вывеска, все буквы на которой выцвели, висела над витриной.

    yard signамер. предвыборный плакат

    Syn:
    6) астрол.; = Zodiac sign знак зодиака
    7) муз. знак музыкальной грамоты, используемый в партитуре (бемоль, диез, реприза и т. п.)
    Syn:
    ••
    - sign of the cross 2. гл.
    1)

    to sign an agreement / a cheque / a contract — подписать соглашение / чек / контракт

    б) расписываться, ставить подпись

    Would you please sign for this parcel? — Распишитесь, пожалуйста, в получении посылки.

    He signed on the dotted line. — Он поставил свою подпись под контрактом.

    A week earlier, they had been allowed into an England training session and David Beckham had signed his autograph for every single one of them. — Неделей раньше им разрешили присутствовать на тренировке сборной Англии, и Дэйвид Бекхэм каждому из них дал свой автограф.

    3)
    а) = sign away отказываться, оформлять отказ

    He felt as if he'd signed away his life. — Ему казалось, что он подписал себе смертный приговор.

    б) = sign over отписывать имущество (в пользу кого-л.)

    He wanted me to sign over the house to him. — Он хотел, чтобы я оформила передачу дома в его собственность.

    4) = sign on / up
    а) заключать контракт, нанимать

    The Yankees signed him for another season. — "Нью-Йорк янкиз" заключили с ним контракт ещё на один сезон.

    We have been lucky to sign on / up so many experienced workers. — Нам повезло, что мы заполучили так много опытных сотрудников.

    б) заключать контракт, наниматься

    to sign on / up as a teacher — устраиваться на должность учителя

    He signed for / with Glasgow Rangers in 1995. — В 1995 году он заключил контракт с клубом "Глазго рейнджерз".

    After missing the 2004 season because of the injury, he signed on with Cleveland Indians. — Пропустив сезон 2004 года из-за травмы, он подписал контракт с командой "Кливленд индианс".

    If you join the army, you'll have to sign on for at least three years. — Если ты пойдёшь в армию, тебе нужно будет подписать контракт как минимум на три года.

    5) выражать жестом; подавать знак
    6) общаться на специальном языке жестов, используемом глухонемыми

    Strangely, many educators of deaf students don't sign. — Это странно, но многие преподаватели, работающие с глухими учениками, не могут изъясняться на языке глухонемых.

    7) помечать, отмечать; ставить знак или знаки
    Syn:
    mark II 2.
    8) крестить, осенять крестным знамением

    He signed himself with the cross. — Он осенил себя крестным знамением.

    Syn:
    cross 3.
    9) значить, обозначать

    to sign the productivity of nature — обозначать плодородность, быть признаком плодородности

    Syn:
    - sign off
    - sign on
    - sign out
    - sign up

    Англо-русский современный словарь > sign

  • 5 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 6 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 7 name

    neim
    1. noun
    1) (a word by which a person, place or thing is called: My name is Rachel; She knows all the flowers by name.) nombre
    2) (reputation; fame: He has a name for honesty.) fama, reputación

    2. verb
    1) (to give a name to: They named the child Thomas.) llamar, poner nombre, llamar
    2) (to speak of or list by name: He could name all the kings of England.) nombrar
    - namely
    - nameplate
    - namesake
    - call someone names
    - call names
    - in the name of
    - make a name for oneself
    - name after

    name1 n nombre
    my boyfriend's name is Charles el nombre de mi novio es Charles / mi novio se llama Charles
    name2 vb poner nombre a


    ñame sustantivo masculino LAm yam ' ñame' also found in these entries: Spanish: aparecer - apellido - apuntarse - betún - conocer - decir - denominar - dña - escriturar - esculpir - falsa - falso - gentilicio - honra - impronunciable - jota - ligarse - llamar - llamarse - mentar - nombrar - nombre - nominalmente - nominativa - nominativo - pila - recordar - remite - santa - santo - sonar - topónimo - tratar - tuntún - tutearse - verde - apelativo - apuntar - bautizar - be - cambiar - ce - cómo - común - de - doble - efe - ele - eme - ene English: bell - belt out - blare out I - blunder - blurt out - brand name - but - byword - call - caller - carve - Christian name - code name - disclose - distinctly - elude - escape - faintly - family name - female - file name - fill in - find out - first name - go under - granddaughter - leave out - maiden name - margin - mispronounce - misspell - mud - name - name-calling - name-dropper - name-dropping - omit - pen name - penny - progress - put - scrawl - term - think - unprecedented - waiting list - what - what's her - what's his - what's its-name
    tr[neɪm]
    what's your name? ¿cómo te llamas?
    2 (fame) fama, reputación nombre femenino
    1 llamar
    2 (appoint) nombrar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in name only sólo de nombre
    in the name of... en nombre de...
    to call somebody names insultar a alguien
    to go by the name of... conocerse por el nombre de...
    to make a name for oneself hacerse un nombre
    to name names citar nombres, dar nombres
    to take somebody's name in vain faltar al respeto a alguien
    name day santo
    name ['neɪm] vt, named ; naming
    1) call: llamar, bautizar, ponerle nombre a
    2) mention: mentar, mencionar, dar el nombre de
    they have named a suspect: han dado el nombre de un sospechoso
    3) appoint: nombrar
    4)
    to name a price : fijar un precio
    name adj
    1) known: de nombre
    name brand: marca conocida
    2) prominent: de renombre, de prestigio
    name n
    1) : nombre m
    what is your name: ¿cómo se llama?
    2) surname: apellido m
    3) epithet: epíteto m
    to call somebody names: llamar a alguien de todo
    4) reputation: fama f, reputación f
    to make a name for oneself: darse a conocer, hacerse famoso
    n.
    apellido s.m.
    fama s.f.
    linaje s.m.
    nombre s.m.
    título s.m.
    v.
    apellidar v.
    denominar v.
    designar v.
    llamar v.
    mentar v.
    nombrar v.
    señalar v.

    I neɪm
    1) (of person, thing) nombre m; ( surname) apellido m

    what's your name? — ¿cómo te llamas?, ¿cómo se llama (Ud)?, ¿cuál es su nombre? (frml)

    she goes by o under the name of Shirley Lane — se hace llamar Shirley Lane

    he writes under the name (of)... — escribe bajo el seudónimo de...

    she's manager in all but namea todos los efectos or en la práctica, la directora es ella

    what in God's o heaven's name is this? — ¿qué diablos es esto?

    he doesn't have a penny to his nameno tiene dónde caerse muerto

    mentioning no names, without mentioning any names — sin mencionar a nadie

    to take somebody's name\<\<referee\>\> (BrE) sacarle* la tarjeta a alguien

    name tagetiqueta f de identificación, chapa f

    to name names — dar* nombres

    2)
    a) ( reputation) fama f

    to give somebody/something a bad name — darle* mala fama a alguien/algo

    b) ( person) figura f; ( company) nombre m

    II
    1) ( give name to) \<\<company/town\>\> ponerle* nombre a; \<\<boat\>\> bautizar*, ponerle* nombre a

    they named the baby George — le pusieron George al niño, al niño le pusieron por nombre George (liter)

    to name somebody/something AFTER o (AmE also) FOR somebody: they named her after Ann's mother le pusieron el nombre de la madre de Ann; the city is named after the national hero — la ciudad lleva el nombre del héroe nacional

    2) (identify, mention)

    you name it — (colloq)

    you name it, she's done it — ha hecho de todo lo habido y por haber

    3) ( appoint) nombrar
    [neɪm]
    1. N
    1) [of person, firm] nombre m ; (=surname) apellido m ; [of book, film] título m

    what's your name? — ¿cómo te llamas?

    what name shall I say? — (Telec) ¿de parte de quién?; (announcing arrival) ¿a quién debo anunciar?

    what name are they giving the child? — ¿qué nombre le van a poner al niño?

    to take sb's name and addressapuntar el nombre y las señas de algn

    by name — de nombre

    Pérez by name — de apellido Pérez, apellidado Pérez

    to go by the name of — ser conocido por el nombre de

    in name, he was king in name only — era rey tan solo de nombre

    he signed on in the name of Smithse inscribió en el paro or desempleo con el apellido Smith

    open up, in the name of the law! — ¡abran en nombre de la ley!

    what's in a name? — ¿qué importa un nombre?

    to lend one's name to — prestar su nombre a

    I'll do it, or my name's not Bloggs! — ¡como que me llamo Bloggs que lo haré!

    to put one's name down for — [+ new car etc] apuntarse para; [+ school, course] inscribirse en

    he had his name taken — (Sport) el árbitro apuntó su nombre

    we know it under another name — lo conocemos por otro nombre

    Christian, first 5., maiden, middle 3., pet I, 2., 2)
    2) names (=insults)
    3) (=reputation) reputación f, fama f

    to get (o.s.) a bad name — crearse mala reputación or fama

    he has a name for carelessness — tiene fama de descuidado

    the firm has a good name — la casa tiene buena reputación

    to make a name for o.s. — hacerse famoso

    4) (=person)

    big name *(gran) figura f, personaje m importante

    2. VT
    1) (=call) llamar; [+ person] (at birth) poner

    to name sth/sb after or (US) for sth/sb: they named him Winston after Churchill — le pusieron Winston por Churchill

    she was named after her grandmother — la llamaron como a su abuela, le pusieron el nombre de su abuela

    2) (=mention)

    you were not named in the speechno se te nombró or mencionó en el discurso

    name the third president of the USA — diga el nombre del tercer presidente de EE.UU.

    you name it, we've got it — cualquier cosa que pidas, la tenemos

    to name namesdar or mencionar nombres

    3) (=fix) [+ date, price] fijar

    have you named the day yet? — ¿han fijado ya la fecha de la boda?

    4) (=nominate) nombrar
    3.
    CPD

    name day N — (Rel) día m del santo, fiesta f onomástica; (Econ) día m de ajuste de cuentas

    name tape Netiqueta f con el nombre

    * * *

    I [neɪm]
    1) (of person, thing) nombre m; ( surname) apellido m

    what's your name? — ¿cómo te llamas?, ¿cómo se llama (Ud)?, ¿cuál es su nombre? (frml)

    she goes by o under the name of Shirley Lane — se hace llamar Shirley Lane

    he writes under the name (of)... — escribe bajo el seudónimo de...

    she's manager in all but namea todos los efectos or en la práctica, la directora es ella

    what in God's o heaven's name is this? — ¿qué diablos es esto?

    he doesn't have a penny to his nameno tiene dónde caerse muerto

    mentioning no names, without mentioning any names — sin mencionar a nadie

    to take somebody's name\<\<referee\>\> (BrE) sacarle* la tarjeta a alguien

    name tagetiqueta f de identificación, chapa f

    to name names — dar* nombres

    2)
    a) ( reputation) fama f

    to give somebody/something a bad name — darle* mala fama a alguien/algo

    b) ( person) figura f; ( company) nombre m

    II
    1) ( give name to) \<\<company/town\>\> ponerle* nombre a; \<\<boat\>\> bautizar*, ponerle* nombre a

    they named the baby George — le pusieron George al niño, al niño le pusieron por nombre George (liter)

    to name somebody/something AFTER o (AmE also) FOR somebody: they named her after Ann's mother le pusieron el nombre de la madre de Ann; the city is named after the national hero — la ciudad lleva el nombre del héroe nacional

    2) (identify, mention)

    you name it — (colloq)

    you name it, she's done it — ha hecho de todo lo habido y por haber

    3) ( appoint) nombrar

    English-spanish dictionary > name

  • 8 go

    I [gəu] 1. гл.; прош. вр. went, прич. прош. вр. gone
    1)
    а) идти, ехать, двигаться

    We are going too fast. — Мы идём слишком быстро.

    Who goes? Stand, or I fire. — Стой, кто идёт? Стрелять буду.

    The baby went behind his mother to play a hiding game. — Малыш решил поиграть в прятки и спрятался за маму.

    Go ahead, what are you waiting for? — Идите вперёд, чего вы ждёте?

    I'll go ahead and warn the others to expect you later. — Я пойду вперёд и предупрежу остальных, что вы подойдёте позже.

    My brother quickly passing him, went ahead, and won the match easily. — Мой брат быстро обогнал его, вышел вперёд и легко выиграл матч.

    As the roads were so icy, the cars were going along very slowly and carefully. — Так как дороги были покрыты льдом, машины продвигались очень медленно и осторожно.

    The deer has gone beyond the trees; I can't shoot at it from this distance. — Олень зашёл за деревья; я не могу попасть в него с этого расстояния.

    You've missed the bus, it just went by. — Ты опоздал на автобус, он только что проехал.

    Let's go forward to the front of the hall. — Давай продвинемся к началу зала.

    I have to go in now, my mother's calling me for tea. — Мне надо идти, мама зовёт меня пить чай.

    The car went into a tree and was severely damaged. — Машина влетела в дерево и была сильно повреждена.

    The police examined the cars and then allowed them to go on. — Полицейские осмотрели машины, а потом пропустили их.

    I don't think you should go out with that bad cold. — Я думаю, с такой простудой тебе лучше сидеть дома.

    It's dangerous here, with bullets going over our heads all the time. — Здесь опасно, пули так и свистят над головами.

    I fear that you cannot go over to the cottage. — Боюсь, что ты не сможешь сходить в этот коттедж.

    I spent a day or two on going round and seeing the other colleges. — Я провёл день или два, обходя другие колледжи.

    This material is so stiff that even my thickest needle won't go through. — Этот материал настолько плотный, что даже моя самая большая игла не может проткнуть его.

    Don't leave me alone, let me go with you! — Не бросай меня, позволь мне пойти с тобой!

    The piano won't go through this narrow entrance. — Фортепиано не пройдёт сквозь этот узкий вход.

    There is no such thing as a level street in the city: those which do not go up, go down. — В городе нет такого понятия как ровная улица: те, которые не идут вверх, спускаются вниз.

    to go on travels, to go on a journey, to go on a voyage — отправиться в путешествие

    He wants me to go on a cruise with him. — Он хочет, чтобы я отправился с ним в круиз.

    в) уходить, уезжать

    Please go now, I'm getting tired. — Теперь, пожалуйста, уходи, я устал.

    I have to go at 5.30. — Я должен уйти в 5.30.

    There was no answer to my knock, so I went away. — На мой стук никто не ответил, так что я ушёл.

    Why did the painter leave his family and go off to live on a tropical island? — Почему художник бросил свою семью и уехал жить на остров в тропиках?

    At the end of this scene, the murderer goes off, hearing the police arrive. — В конце сцены убийца уходит, заслышав приближение полиции.

    Syn:
    г) пойти (куда-л.), уехать (куда-л.) с определённой целью

    to go to bed — идти, отправляться, ложиться спать

    to go to press — идти в печать, печататься

    You'd better go for the police. — Ты лучше сбегай за полицией.

    д) заниматься (чем-л.); двигаться определённым образом (что-л. делая)

    The bus goes right to the centre of town. — Автобус ходит прямо до центра города.

    The ship goes between the two islands. — Корабль курсирует между двумя островами.

    ж) разг. двигаться определённым образом, идти определённым шагом

    to go above one's ground — идти, высоко поднимая ноги

    2)
    а) следовать определённым курсом, идти (каким-л. путем) прям. и перен.

    the man who goes straight in spite of temptation — человек, который идёт не сбиваясь с пути, несмотря на соблазны

    She will never go my way, nor, I fear, shall I ever go hers. — Она никогда не будет действовать так, как я, и, боюсь, я никогда не буду действовать так, как она.

    б) прибегать (к чему-л.), обращаться (к кому-л.)
    3) ходить (куда-л.) регулярно, с какой-л. целью

    When I was young, we went to church every Sunday. — Когда я был маленьким, мы каждое воскресенье ходили в церковь.

    4)
    а) идти (от чего-л.), вести (куда-л.)

    The boundary here goes parallel with the river. — Граница идёт здесь вдоль реки.

    б) выходить (куда-л.)

    This door goes outside. — Эта дверь выходит наружу.

    5) происходить, случаться, развиваться, проистекать

    The annual dinner never goes better than when he is in the chair. — Ежегодный обед проходит лучше всего, когда он председательствует.

    The game went so strangely that I couldn't possibly tell. — Игра шла так странно, что и не рассказать.

    The election went against him. — Выборы кончились для него неудачно.

    What has gone of...? — Что стало, что произошло с...?

    Nobody in Porlock ever knew what has gone with him. — Никто в Порлоке так и не узнал, что с ним стало.

    6)

    The battery in this watch is going. — Батарейка в часах садится.

    Sometimes the eyesight goes forever. — Иногда зрение теряют навсегда.

    I could feel my brain going. — Я чувствовал, что мой ум перестаёт работать.

    You see that your father is going very fast. — Вы видите, что ваш отец очень быстро сдаёт.

    б) ломаться; изнашиваться ( до дыр)

    The platform went. — Трибуна обрушилась.

    About half past three the foremast went in three places. — Около половины четвёртого фок-мачта треснула в трёх местах.

    The dike might go any minute. — Дамбу может прорвать в любую минуту.

    My old sweater had started to go at the elbows. — Мой старый свитер начал протираться на локтях.

    Syn:
    в) быть поражённым болезнью, гнить (о растениях, урожае)

    The crop is good, but the potato is going everywhere. — Урожай зерновых хорош, а картофель начинает повсюду гнить.

    7) разг. умирать, уходить из жизни

    to go to one's own place — умереть, скончаться

    to go aloft / off the hooks / off the stocks / to (the) pot разг. — отправиться на небеса, протянуть ноги, сыграть в ящик

    Your brother's gone - died half-an-hour ago. — Ваш брат покинул этот мир - скончался полчаса назад.

    Hope he hasn't gone down; he deserved to live. — Надеюсь, что он не умер; он заслужил того, чтобы жить.

    The doctors told me that he might go off any day. — Доктора сказали мне, что он может скончаться со дня на день.

    I hope that when I go out I shall leave a better world behind me. — Надеюсь, что мир станет лучше, когда меня не будет.

    8)
    а) вмещаться, подходить (по форме, размеру)

    The space is too small, the bookcase won't go in. — Здесь слишком мало места, книжный шкаф сюда не войдёт.

    Elzevirs go readily into the pocket. — Средневековые книги-эльзевиры легко входят в карман.

    The thread is too thick to go into the needle. — Эта нитка слишком толста, чтобы пролезть в игольное ушко.

    Three goes into fifteen five times. — Три содержится в пятнадцати пять раз.

    All the good we can find about him will go into a very few words. — Всё хорошее, что мы в нём можем найти, можно выразить в нескольких словах.

    б) соответствовать, подходить (по стилю, цвету, вкусу)

    This furniture would go well in any room. — Эта мебель подойдёт для любой комнаты.

    I don't think these colours really go, do you? — Я не думаю, что эти цвета подходят, а ты как думаешь?

    Oranges go surprisingly well with duck. — Апельсины отлично подходят к утке.

    That green hat doesn't go with the blue dress. — Эта зелёная шляпа не идёт к синему платью.

    в) помещаться (где-л.), постоянно храниться (где-л.)

    This box goes on the third shelf from the top. — Эта коробка стоит на третьей полке сверху.

    This book goes here. — Эта книга стоит здесь (здесь её место).

    He's short, as jockeys go. — Он довольно низкого роста, даже для жокея.

    "How goes it, Joe?" - "Pretty well, as times go." — "Как дела, Джо?" - "По нынешним временам вполне сносно".

    10) быть посланным, отправленным (о письме, записке)

    I'd like this letter to go first class. — Я хотел бы отправить это письмо первым классом.

    11) проходить, пролетать ( о времени)

    This week's gone so fast - I can't believe it's Friday already. — Эта неделя прошла так быстро, не могу поверить, что уже пятница.

    Time goes so fast when you're having fun. — Когда нам весело, время бежит.

    Summer is going. — Лето проходит.

    One week and half of another is already gone. — Уже прошло полторы недели.

    12)
    а) пойти (на что-л.), быть потраченным (на что-л.; о деньгах)

    Whatever money he got it all went on paying his debt. — Сколько бы денег он ни получил, всё уходило на выплату долга.

    Your money went towards a new computer for the school. — Ваши деньги пошли на новый компьютер для школы.

    Not more than a quarter of your income should go in rent. — На арендную плату должно уходить не более четверти дохода.

    б) уменьшаться, кончаться (о запасах, провизии)

    We were worried because the food was completely gone and the water was going fast. — Мы беспокоились, так как еда уже кончилась, а вода подходила к концу.

    The cake went fast. — Пирог был тут же съеден.

    All its independence was gone. — Вся его независимость исчезла.

    One of the results of using those drugs is that the will entirely goes. — Одно из последствий приёма этих лекарств - полная потеря воли.

    This feeling gradually goes off. — Это чувство постепенно исчезает.

    They can fire me, but I won't go quietly. — Они могут меня уволить, но я не уйду тихо.

    14)
    а) издавать (какой-л.) звук

    to go bang — бахнуть, хлопнуть

    to go crash / smash — грохнуть, треснуть

    Clatter, clatter, went the horses' hoofs. — Цок, цок, цокали лошадиные копыта.

    Something seemed to go snap within me. — Что-то внутри меня щёлкнуло.

    Crack went the mast. — Раздался треск мачты.

    Patter, patter, goes the rain. — Кап, кап, стучит дождь.

    The clock on the mantelpiece went eight. — Часы на камине пробили восемь.

    15)
    а) иметь хождение, быть в обращении ( о деньгах)
    б) циркулировать, передаваться, переходить из уст в уста

    Now the story goes that the young Smith is in London. — Говорят, что юный Смит сейчас в Лондоне.

    16)

    My only order was, "Clear the road - and be damn quick about it." What I said went. — Я отдал приказ: "Очистить дорогу - и, чёрт возьми, немедленно!" Это тут же было выполнено.

    He makes so much money that whatever he says, goes. — У него столько денег, что всё, что он ни скажет, тут же выполняется.

    - from the word Go

    anything goes, everything goes разг. — всё дозволено, всё сойдёт

    Around here, anything goes. — Здесь всё разрешено.

    Anything goes if it's done by someone you're fond of. — Всё сойдёт, если это всё сделано тем, кого ты любишь.

    в) ( go about) начинать (что-л.; делать что-л.), приступать к (чему-л.)

    She went about her work in a cold, impassive way. — Холодно, бесстрастно она приступила к своей работе.

    The church clock has not gone for twenty years. — Часы на церкви не ходили двадцать лет.

    All systems go. — Всё работает нормально.

    She felt her heart go in a most unusual manner. — Она почувствовала, что сердце у неё очень странно бьётся.

    Syn:
    18) продаваться, расходиться (по какой-л. цене)

    to go for a song — идти за бесценок, ничего не стоить

    There were perfectly good coats going at $23! —Там продавали вполне приличные куртки всего за 23 доллара.

    Going at four pounds fifteen, if there is no advance. — Если больше нет предложений, то продаётся за четыре фунта пятнадцать шиллингов.

    This goes for 1 shilling. — Это стоит 1 шиллинг.

    The house went for very little. — Дом был продан за бесценок.

    19) позволить себе, согласиться (на какую-л. сумму)

    Lewis consented to go as high as twenty-five thousand crowns. — Льюис согласился на такую большую сумму как двадцать пять тысяч крон.

    I'll go fifty dollars for a ticket. — Я позволю себе купить билет за пятьдесят долларов.

    20) разг. говорить
    21) эвф. сходить, сбегать ( в туалет)

    He's in the men's room. He's been wanting to go all evening, but as long as you were playing he didn't want to miss a note. (J. Wain) — Он в туалете. Ему туда нужно было весь вечер, но пока вы играли, он не хотел пропустить ни одной нотки.

    22) ( go after)
    а) следовать за (кем-л.); преследовать

    Half the guards went after the escaped prisoners, but they got away free. — На поиски беглецов отправилась половина гарнизона, но они всё равно сумели скрыться.

    б) преследовать цель; стремиться, стараться (сделать что-л.)

    Jim intends to go after the big prize. — Джим намерен выиграть большой приз.

    I think we should go after increased production this year. — Думаю, в этом году нам надо стремиться увеличить производство.

    в) посещать в качестве поклонника, ученика или последователя
    23) ( go against)
    а) противоречить, быть против (убеждений, желаний); идти вразрез с (чем-л.)

    to go against the grain, go against the hair — вызывать внутренний протест, быть не по нутру

    I wouldn't advise you to go against the director. — Не советую тебе перечить директору.

    It goes against my nature to get up early in the morning. — Рано вставать по утрам противно моей натуре.

    The run of luck went against Mr. Nickleby. (Ch. Dickens) — Удача отвернулась от мистера Никльби.

    Syn:
    б) быть не в пользу (кого-л.), закончиться неблагоприятно для (кого-л.; о соревнованиях, выборах)

    One of his many law-suits seemed likely to go against him. — Он, судя по всему, проигрывал один из своих многочисленных судебных процессов.

    If the election goes against the government, who will lead the country? — Если на выборах проголосуют против правительства, кто же возглавит страну?

    24) ( go at) разг.
    а) бросаться на (кого-л.)

    Our dog went at the postman again this morning. — Наша собака опять сегодня набросилась на почтальона.

    Selina went at her again for further information. — Селина снова набросилась на неё, требуя дополнительной информации.

    The students are really going at their studies now that the examinations are near. — Экзамены близко, так что студенты в самом деле взялись за учёбу.

    25) ( go before)
    а) представать перед (чем-л.), явиться лицом к лицу с (чем-л.)

    When you go before the judge, you must speak the exact truth. — Когда ты выступаешь в суде, ты должен говорить чистую правду.

    б) предлагать (что-л.) на рассмотрение

    Your suggestion goes before the board of directors next week. — Совет директоров рассмотрит ваше предложение на следующей неделе.

    Syn:
    26) ( go behind) не ограничиваться (чем-л.)
    27) ( go between) быть посредником между (кем-л.)

    The little girl was given a bar of chocolate as her payment for going between her sister and her sister's boyfriend. — Младшая сестра получила шоколадку за то, что была посыльной между своей старшей сестрой и её парнем.

    28) ( go beyond)
    а) превышать, превосходить (что-л.)

    The money that I won went beyond my fondest hopes. — Сумма, которую я выиграл, превосходила все мои ожидания.

    Be careful not to go beyond your rights. — Будь осторожен, не превышай своих прав.

    б) оказаться трудным, непостижимым (для кого-л.)

    I was interested to hear the speaker, but his speech went beyond me. — Мне было интересно послушать докладчика, но его речь была выше моего понимания.

    I don't think this class will be able to go beyond lesson six. — Не думаю, что этот класс сможет продвинуться дальше шестого урока.

    - go beyond caring
    - go beyond endurance
    - go beyond a joke
    29) (go by / under) называться

    to go by / under the name of — быть известным под именем

    Our friend William often goes by Billy. — Нашего друга Вильяма часто называют Билли.

    He went under the name of Baker, to avoid discovery by the police. — Скрываясь от полиции, он жил под именем Бейкера.

    30) ( go by) судить по (чему-л.); руководствоваться (чем-л.), действовать в соответствии с (чем-л.)

    to go by the book разг. — действовать в соответствии с правилами, педантично выполнять правила

    You can't go by what he says, he's very untrustworthy. — Не стоит судить о ситуации по его словам, ему нельзя верить.

    You make a mistake if you go by appearances. — Ты ошибаешься, если судишь о людях по внешнему виду.

    I go by the barometer. — Я пользуюсь барометром.

    Our chairman always goes by the rules. — Наш председатель всегда действует по правилам.

    31) ( go for)
    а) стремиться к (чему-л.)

    I think we should go for increased production this year. — Думаю, в этом году нам надо стремиться увеличить производительность.

    б) выбирать; любить, нравиться

    The people will never go for that guff. — Людям не понравится эта пустая болтовня.

    She doesn't go for whiskers. — Ей не нравятся бакенбарды.

    в) разг. наброситься, обрушиться на (кого-л.)

    The black cow immediately went for him. — Чёрная корова немедленно кинулась на него.

    The speaker went for the profiteers. — Оратор обрушился на спекулянтов.

    г) становиться (кем-л.), действовать в качестве (кого-л.)

    I'm well made all right. I could go for a model if I wanted. — У меня отличная фигура. Я могла бы стать манекенщицей, если бы захотела.

    д) быть принятым за (кого-л.), считаться (кем-л.), сходить за (кого-л.)

    He goes for a lawyer, but I don't think he ever studied or practised law. — Говорят, он адвокат, но мне кажется, что он никогда не изучал юриспруденцию и не работал в этой области.

    е) быть действительным по отношению к (кому-л. / чему-л.), относиться к (кому-л. / чему-л.)

    that goes for me — это относится ко мне; это мое дело

    I don't care if Pittsburgh chokes. And that goes for Cincinnati, too. (P. G. Wodehouse) — Мне всё равно, если Питсбург задохнётся. То же самое касается Цинциннати.

    - go for broke
    - go for a burton
    32) ( go into)
    а) входить, вступать; принимать участие

    He wanted to go into Parliament. — Он хотел стать членом парламента.

    He went eagerly into the compact. — Он охотно принял участие в сделке.

    The Times has gone into open opposition to the Government on all points except foreign policy. — “Таймс” встал в открытую оппозицию к правительству по всем вопросам, кроме внешней политики.

    Syn:
    take part, undertake
    б) впадать ( в истерику); приходить ( в ярость)

    the man who went into ecstasies at discovering that Cape Breton was an island — человек, который впал в экстаз, обнаружив, что мыс Бретон является островом

    I nearly went into hysterics. — Я был на грани истерики.

    в) начинать заниматься (чем-л. в качестве профессии, должности, занятия)

    He went keenly into dairying. — Он активно занялся производством молочных продуктов.

    He went into practice for himself. — Он самостоятельно занялся практикой.

    Hicks naturally went into law. — Хикс, естественно, занялся правом.

    г) носить (о стиле в одежде; особенно носить траур)

    to go into long dresses, trousers, etc. — носить длинные платья, брюки

    She shocked Mrs. Spark by refusing to go into full mourning. — Она шокировала миссис Спарк, отказываясь носить полный траур.

    д) расследовать, тщательно рассматривать, изучать

    We cannot of course go into the history of these wars. — Естественно, мы не можем во всех подробностях рассмотреть историю этих войн.

    - go into details
    - go into detail
    - go into abeyance
    - go into action
    33) ( go off) разлюбить (что-л.), потерять интерес к (чему-л.)

    I simply don't feel anything for him any more. In fact, I've gone off him. — Я просто не испытываю больше к нему никаких чувств. По существу, я его разлюбила.

    34) ( go over)
    а) перечитывать; повторять

    The schoolboy goes over his lesson, before going up before the master. — Ученик повторяет свой урок, прежде чем отвечать учителю.

    He went over the explanation two or three times. — Он повторил объяснение два или три раза.

    Syn:
    б) внимательно изучать, тщательно рассматривать; проводить осмотр

    We went over the house thoroughly before buying it. — Мы тщательно осмотрели дом, прежде чем купить его.

    I've asked the garage people to go over my car thoroughly. — Я попросил людей в сервисе тщательно осмотреть машину.

    Harry and I have been going over old letters. — Гарри и я просматривали старые письма.

    We must go over the account books together. — Нам надо вместе проглядеть бухгалтерские книги.

    35) ( go through)

    It would take far too long to go through all the propositions. — Изучение всех предложений займёт слишком много времени.

    б) пережить, перенести (что-л.)

    All that men go through may be absolutely the best for them. — Все испытания, которым подвергается человек, могут оказаться для него благом.

    Syn:
    в) проходить (какие-л. этапы)

    The disease went through the whole city. — Болезнь распространилась по всему городу.

    д) осматривать, обыскивать

    The girls were "going through" a drunken sailor. — Девицы обшаривали пьяного моряка.

    е) износить до дыр (об одежде, обуви)
    ж) поглощать, расходовать (что-л.)
    36) ( go to)
    а) обращаться к (кому-л. / чему-л.)

    She need not go to others for her bons mots. — Ей нет нужды искать у других остроумные словечки.

    б) переходить к (кому-л.) в собственность, доставаться (кому-л.)

    The house went to the elder son. — Дом достался старшему сыну.

    The money I had saved went to the doctors. — Деньги, которые я скопил, пошли на докторов.

    The dukedom went to his brother. — Титул герцога перешёл к его брату.

    And the Oscar goes to… — Итак, «Оскар» достаётся…

    в) быть составной частью (чего-л.); вести к (какому-л. результату)

    These are the bones which go to form the head and trunk. — Это кости, которые формируют череп и скелет.

    Whole gardens of roses go to one drop of the attar. — Для того, чтобы получить одну каплю розового масла, нужны целые сады роз.

    This only goes to prove the point. — Это только доказывает утверждение.

    г) составлять, равняться (чему-л.)

    Sixteen ounces go to the pound. — Шестнадцать унций составляют один фунт.

    How many go to a crew with you, captain? — Из скольких человек состоит ваша команда, капитан?

    д) брать на себя (расходы, труд)

    Don't go to any trouble. — Не беспокойтесь.

    Few publishers go to the trouble of giving the number of copies for an edition. — Немногие издатели берут на себя труд указать количество экземпляров издания.

    The tenant went to very needless expense. — Арендатор пошёл на абсолютно ненужные расходы.

    37) ( go under) относиться (к какой-л. группе, классу)

    This word goes under G. — Это слово помещено под G.

    38) ( go with)
    а) быть заодно с (кем-л.), быть на чьей-л. стороне

    My sympathies went strongly with the lady. — Все мои симпатии были полностью на стороне леди.

    б) сопутствовать (чему-л.), идти, происходить вместе с (чем-л.)

    Criminality habitually went with dirtiness. — Преступность и грязь обычно шли бок о бок.

    Syn:
    в) понимать, следить с пониманием за (речью, мыслью)

    The Court declared the deed a nullity on the ground that the mind of the mortgagee did not go with the deed she signed. — Суд признал документ недействительным на том основании, что кредитор по закладной не понимала содержания документа, который она подписала.

    г) разг. встречаться с (кем-л.), проводить время с (кем-л. - в качестве друга, подружки)

    The "young ladies" he had "gone with" and "had feelin's about" were now staid matrons. — "Молодые леди", с которыми он "дружил" и к которым он "питал чувства", стали солидными матронами.

    39) ( go upon)
    а) разг. использовать (что-л.) в качестве свидетельства или отправного пункта

    You see, this gave me something to go upon. — Видишь ли, это дало мне хоть что-то, с чего я могу начать.

    б) брать в свои руки; брать на себя ответственность

    I cannot bear to see things botched or gone upon with ignorance. — Я не могу видеть, как берутся за дела либо халтурно, либо ничего в них не понимая.

    40) (go + прил.)

    He went dead about three months ago. — Он умер около трех месяцев назад.

    She went pale. — Она побледнела.

    He went bankrupt. — Он обанкротился.

    Syn:
    б) продолжать (какое-л.) действие, продолжать пребывать в (каком-л.) состоянии

    We both love going barefoot on the beach. — Мы оба любим ходить босиком по пляжу.

    Most of their work seems to have gone unnoticed. — Кажется, большая часть их работы осталась незамеченной.

    The powers could not allow such an act of terrorism to go unpunished. — Власти не могут допустить, чтобы террористический акт прошёл безнаказанно.

    It seems as if it were going to rain. — Такое впечатление, что сейчас пойдёт дождь.

    Lambs are to be sold to those who are going to keep them. — Ягнята должны быть проданы тем, кто собирается их выращивать.

    42) (go and do smth.) разг. пойти и сделать что-л.

    The fool has gone and got married. — Этот дурак взял и женился.

    He might go and hang himself for all they cared. — Он может повеситься, им на это абсолютно наплевать.

    Oh, go and pick up pizza, for heaven's sake! — Ради бога, пойди купи, наконец, пиццу.

    - go across
    - go ahead
    - go along
    - go away
    - go back
    - go before
    - go by
    - go down
    - go forth
    - go forward
    - go together
    ••

    to go back a long way — давно знать друг друга, быть давними знакомыми

    to go short — испытывать недостаток в чём-л.; находиться в стеснённых обстоятельствах

    to go the way of nature / all the earth / all flesh / all living — скончаться, разделить участь всех смертных

    to let oneself go — дать волю себе, своим чувствам

    Go to Jericho / Bath / Hong Kong / Putney / Halifax! — Иди к чёрту! Убирайся!

    - go far
    - go bush
    - go ape
    - go amiss
    - go dry
    - go astray
    - go on instruments
    - go a long way
    - go postal
    - Go to!
    - Go to it!
    - let it go at that
    - go like blazes
    - go with the tide
    - go with the times
    - go along with you!
    - go easy
    - go up King Street
    - go figure
    - go it
    - go the extra mile
    - go to the wall
    2. сущ.; разг.
    1) движение, хождение, ходьба; уст. походка

    He has been on the go since morning. — Он с утра на ногах.

    2)
    а) ретивость, горячность ( первоначально о лошадях); напористость, энергичность; бодрость, живость; рвение

    The job requires a man with a lot of go. — Для этой работы требуется очень энергичный человек.

    Physically, he is a wonderful man - very wiry, and full of energy and go. — Физически он превосходен - крепкий, полный энергии и напористости.

    Syn:
    б) энергичная деятельность; тяжелая, требующая напряжения работа

    Believe me, it's all go with these tycoons, mate. — Поверь мне, приятель, это все деятельность этих заправил.

    3) разг. происшествие; неожиданный поворот событий (то, которое вызывает затруднения)

    queer go, rum go — странное дело, странный поворот событий

    4)

    Let me have a go at fixing it. — Дай я попробую починить это.

    - have a go
    Syn:
    б) соревнование, борьба; состязание на приз ( в боксе)

    Cost me five dollars the other day to see the tamest kind of a go. There wasn't a knockdown in ten rounds. — На днях я потратил пять долларов, чтобы увидеть самое мирное состязание. За десять раундов не было ни одного нокдауна.

    в) приступ, припадок ( о болезни)
    5)
    а) количество чего-л., предоставляемое за один раз
    б) разг. бокал ( вина); порция ( еды)

    "The score!" he burst out. "Three goes o' rum!" (R. L. Stevenson, Treasure Island) — А деньги? - крикнул он. - За три кружки! (пер. Н. Чуковского)

    б) карт. "Мимо" (возглас игрока, объявляющего проход в криббидже)
    7) разг.
    а) успех, успешное дело
    б) соглашение, сделка
    ••

    all the go, quite the go — последний крик моды

    first go — первым делом, сразу же

    II [gɔ] сущ.; япон.
    го (настольная игра, в ходе которой двое участников по очереди выставляют на доску фишки-"камни", стремясь окружить "камни" противника своими и захватить как можно большую территорию)

    Англо-русский современный словарь > go

  • 9 second

    I 1. adjective
    zweit...; zweitwichtigst... [Stadt, Hafen usw.]

    second largest/highest — etc. zweitgrößt.../-höchst... usw.

    2. noun
    1) (unit of time or angle) Sekunde, die
    2) (coll.): (moment) Sekunde, die (ugs.)

    in a second(immediately) sofort (ugs.); (very quickly) im Nu (ugs.)

    just a second!(coll.) einen Moment!

    3) (additional person or thing)

    a second — noch einer/eine/eins

    4)

    the second(in sequence) der/die/das zweite; (in rank) der/die/das Zweite

    be the second to arriveals zweiter/zweite ankommen

    5) (in duel, boxing) Sekundant, der/Sekundantin, die
    6) in pl. (helping of food) zweite Portion; (second course) zweiter Gang
    7) (day)

    the second [of the month] — der Zweite [des Monats]

    8) in pl. (goods of second quality) Waren zweiter Wahl
    9) (Brit. Univ.) ≈ Gut, das; ≈ Zwei, die
    3. transitive verb
    (support) unterstützen [Antrag, Nominierung]

    I'll second that!(coll.) dem schließe ich mich an!

    II transitive verb
    (transfer) vorübergehend versetzen
    * * *
    I 1. ['sekənd] adjective
    1) (next after, or following, the first in time, place etc: February is the second month of the year; She finished the race in second place.) zweit
    2) (additional or extra: a second house in the country.) Zweit-...
    3) (lesser in importance, quality etc: She's a member of the school's second swimming team.) geringer
    2. adverb
    (next after the first: He came second in the race.) zweit
    3. noun
    1) (a second person, thing etc: You're the second to arrive.) der/die/das Zweite
    2) (a person who supports and helps a person who is fighting in a boxing match etc.) der Sekundant
    4. verb
    (to agree with (something said by a previous speaker), especially to do so formally: He proposed the motion and I seconded it.) unterstützen
    - academic.ru/65270/secondary">secondary
    5. noun
    (a secondary school.) höhere Schule
    - seconder
    - secondly
    - secondary colours
    - secondary school
    - second-best
    - second-class
    - second-hand
    - second lieutenant
    - second-rate
    - second sight
    - second thoughts
    - at second hand
    - come off second best
    - every second week
    - month
    - second to none
    II ['sekənd] noun
    1) (the sixtieth part of a minute: He ran the race in three minutes and forty-two seconds.) die Sekunde
    2) (a short time: I'll be there in a second.) der Augenblick
    * * *
    sec·ond1
    [ˈsekənd]
    I. adj inv
    1. usu attr (next after first) zweite(r, s)
    Brian's going first, who wants to be \second? Brian ist Erster, wer möchte der Nächste sein?
    the \second thing he did was [to] pour himself a whisky als Zweites hat er sich einen Whisky eingeschenkt
    would you like a \second cup of tea? möchten Sie noch eine Tasse Tee?
    \second derivative MATH zweite Ableitung
    the \second floor der zweite [o AM erste] Stock
    \second form BRIT siebte Klasse, die Siebte
    \second grade AM zweite Klasse, die Zweite
    the \second teeth die bleibenden [o zweiten] Zähne, das bleibende Gebiss fachspr
    the \second time around beim zweiten Mal
    every \second week jede zweite Woche, alle zwei Wochen; see also eighth I. 1
    2. (next after winner) zweite(r, s)
    \second prize zweiter Preis
    to take \second place ( fig) zweitrangig sein; see also eighth I. 2
    3. (not first in importance, size) zweit-
    Germany's \second city Deutschlands zweitwichtigste Stadt
    the \second... + superl der/die/das zweit-
    the \second biggest town die zweitgrößte Stadt
    to be \second only to sb/sth gleich nach jdm/etw kommen fam
    to be \second to none unübertroffen sein
    4. attr (another) zweite(r, s), Zweit-
    \second car Zweitwagen m
    \second language zweite Sprache
    to be a \second Mozart ein zweiter Mozart sein
    to give sb a \second chance jdm eine zweite [o noch eine] Chance geben
    to get a \second chance eine zweite Chance bekommen
    to be sb's \second home jds zweites Zuhause sein
    to ask for a \second opinion eine zweite Meinung einholen
    to have \second thoughts seine Meinung ändern, es sich dat noch einmal [o anders] überlegen
    without a \second thought ohne lange zu überlegen
    to do sth a \second time etw noch einmal tun
    5.
    to be \second nature to sb jdm in Fleisch und Blut übergegangen sein
    to play \second fiddle to sb in jds Schatten stehen
    to get one's \second wind neuen Aufschwung bekommen geh
    II. n
    1. (order)
    the \second der/die/das Zweite
    to come a poor \second to sb/sth erst an zweiter Stelle nach jdm/etw kommen; see also eighth II. 1
    2. (date)
    the \second der Zweite; see also eighth II. 2
    Henry the S\second spoken Heinrich der Zweite
    Henry II written Heinrich II.
    4. BRIT UNIV ≈ Zwei f, ≈ Zweier m ÖSTERR, ≈ Fünf m SCHWEIZ die mittlere Note bei Abschlussprüfungen
    an upper/a lower \second eine Zwei [o SCHWEIZ Fünf] plus/minus, ein guter/schlechter Zweier ÖSTERR
    5. no pl AUTO zweiter Gang
    to change [down] to [or into] \second in den zweiten Gang [o fam Zweiten] [runter]schalten
    6. (extra helping)
    \seconds pl Nachschlag m kein pl
    are there \seconds, by any chance? kann ich noch eine Portion [o fam etwas] haben?
    \seconds pl Nachtisch m kein pl, Dessert nt SCHWEIZ geh, ÖSTERR bes Nachspeise f
    what's for \seconds? was gibt's zum Nachtisch?
    8. (imperfect item) Ware f zweiter Wahl
    9. (assistant in boxing or duel) Sekundant(in) m(f)
    \seconds out [or away] round two Ring frei — zweite Runde
    10. (in ballet) zweite [Tanz]position
    11. (in baseball) zweite Base
    12. (musical interval) Sekunde f
    major/minor \second große/kleine Sekunde
    13. (seconder) of a motion Befürworter(in) m(f)
    III. adv inv
    1. (secondly) zweitens
    2. (in second class)
    to travel \second zweiter Klasse fahren/fliegen/reisen
    IV. vt
    1. (support formally in debate)
    to \second sth proposal etw unterstützen [o befürworten]
    I'll \second that ( fam) ganz meine Meinung
    2. ( form: back up)
    to \second sth action etw unterstützen
    to \second a motion LAW einen Antrag unterstützen [o befürworten
    3. ECON
    to \second sb jdn abstellen, jdn zeitweilig versetzen
    4. LAW, POL
    to \second a candidate einen Kandidat/eine Kandidatin unterstützen [o befürworten]
    sec·ond2
    [ˈsekənd]
    n
    1. (sixtieth of a minute) Sekunde f
    with [only] \seconds to spare in [aller]letzter Sekunde
    2. (very short time) Sekunde f, Augenblick m
    just a \second! [einen] Augenblick!
    you go on, I'll only be a \second geh du weiter, ich komme gleich nach
    if I could have your attention for a \second or two dürfte ich für einen Augenblick um Ihre Aufmerksamkeit bitten
    a couple of [or a few] \seconds ein paar Sekunden fam
    for a split \second [or a fraction of a \second] für einen Bruchteil einer Sekunde
    to do sth in \seconds etw in Sekundenschnelle machen
    3. MATH Sekunde f
    se·cond3
    [sɪˈkɒnd]
    vt usu passive BRIT, AUS
    to be \seconded abgestellt werden; officer abkommandiert werden
    * * *
    I ['sekənd]
    1. adj
    zweite(r, s)

    the second floor (Brit) — der zweite Stock; (US)

    every second day/Thursday — jeden zweiten Tag/Donnerstag

    to be second — Zweite(r, s) sein

    to be second only to sb/sth — nur von jdm/etw übertroffen werden

    in second place (Sport etc)an zweiter Stelle

    to be or lie in second placeauf dem zweiten Platz sein or liegen

    to finish in second placeden zweiten Platz belegen

    or line (US) — der/die Zweite in der Schlange sein

    to be second in command (Mil) — stellvertretender Kommandeur sein; (fig)

    second violin second tenor the second teeth — zweite Geige zweiter Tenor die zweiten or bleibenden Zähne, das bleibende Gebiss

    I won't tell you a second timeich sage dir das kein zweites Mal

    second time around —

    See:
    → fiddle, wind
    2. adv
    1) (+adj) zweit-; (+vb) an zweiter Stelle

    the second most common question — die zweithäufigste Frage, die am zweithäufigsten gestellte Frage

    to come/lie second (in race, competition) — Zweite(r) werden/sein

    2) (= secondly) zweitens
    3. vt
    motion, proposal unterstützen

    I'll second that! (at meeting) — ich unterstütze das; (in general) (genau) meine Meinung

    4. n
    1) (OF TIME, MATH, SCI) Sekunde f; (inf = short time) Augenblick m

    I'll only be a second (or two) — ich komme gleich

    2)

    the second (in order) — der/die/das Zweite; (in race, class etc) der/die Zweite

    to come a poor/good second — einen schlechten/guten zweiten Platz belegen

    to come a poor second to sb/sth —

    3) (AUT)

    second ( gear) — der zweite Gang

    to put a/the car into second — den zweiten Gang einlegen

    to drive in secondim zweiten Gang or im Zweiten fahren

    4) (MUS: interval) Sekunde f
    5) (Brit UNIV = degree) mittlere Noten bei Abschlussprüfungen

    he got an upper/a lower second — ≈ er hat mit Eins bis Zwei/Zwei bis Drei abgeschnitten

    6) (SPORT in duel) Sekundant m
    7) pl (inf: second helping) Nachschlag m (inf)
    8) (COMM)
    II [sɪ'kɒnd] abordnen, abstellen
    * * *
    second1 [ˈsekənd]
    A adj (adv secondly)
    1. zweit(er, e, es):
    at second hand aus zweiter Hand;
    second in height zweithöchst(er, e, es);
    a second time noch einmal;
    every second day jeden zweiten Tag, alle zwei Tage;
    second language Zweitsprache f;
    second teeth zweite Zähne;
    a second Conan Doyle fig ein zweiter Conan Doyle;
    it has become second nature with ( oder for) him es ist ihm zur zweiten Natur geworden oder in Fleisch und Blut übergegangen;
    it has become second nature for me to get up at six ich stehe ganz automatisch um sechs auf;
    a) zweitens,
    b) in zweiter Linie;
    a) SPORT etc den zweiten Platz belegen,
    b) weniger wichtig sein (to als),
    c) auch go into second place zweitrangig oder nebensächlich werden;
    everything else had to go into second place alles andere musste zurückstehen oder -treten (to hinter dat); helping B 2, self A 1, sight A 1, thought1 3, wind1 A 7
    2. zweit(er, e, es):
    a) ander(er, e, es), nächst(er, e, es)
    b) zweitklassig, -rangig, untergeordnet (to dat):
    second cabin Kabine f zweiter Klasse;
    second lieutenant MIL Leutnant m;
    second to none unerreicht;
    he is second to none er ist unübertroffen; fiddle A 1
    B s
    1. (der, die, das) Zweite
    2. (der, die, das) Nächste oder Untergeordnete oder (Nach)Folgende: second-in-command
    3. SPORT etc Zweite(r) m/f(m), zweite(r) Sieger(in):
    be a good second nur knapp geschlagen werden
    4. Sekundant m (beim Duell oder Boxen):
    seconds out (Boxen) Ring frei!
    5. Helfer(in), Beistand m
    6. AUTO (der) zweite Gang
    7. MUS zweite Stimme, Begleitstimme f
    8. pl WIRTSCH Ware(n) f(pl) zweiter Qualität oder Wahl, zweite Wahl
    9. UNIV Br second class 2
    10. umg BAHN (die) zweite Klasse
    11. second of exchange WIRTSCH Sekundawechsel m
    12. pl umg Nachschlag m (zweite Portion)
    C adv als Zweit(er, e, es), zweitens, an zweiter Stelle:
    come in ( oder finish) second als Zweiter durchs Ziel gehen, Zweiter werden;
    come second fig (erst) an zweiter Stelle kommen
    D v/t
    1. jemanden, einen Antrag etc unterstützen, jemandem beistehen
    2. jemandem (beim Duell, Boxen) sekundieren (auch fig)
    second2 [ˈsekənd] s
    1. Sekunde f (Zeiteinheit, auch MUS):
    in seconds in Sekundenschnelle
    2. fig Sekunde f, Augenblick m, Moment m:
    wait a second!
    3. MATH (Bogen) Sekunde f
    second3 [sıˈkɒnd] v/t Br
    a) einen Offizier etc abstellen, abkommandieren
    b) einen Beamten etc ( besonders zeitweilig) versetzen ( alle:
    from von;
    to nach, in akk)
    s. abk
    1. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    3. see s.
    5. set
    6. HIST Br shilling ( shillings pl)
    7. sign
    8. signed gez.
    9. singular Sg.
    10. son
    sec. abk
    1. MATH secant
    2. second ( seconds pl) s, Sek.
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    zweit...; zweitwichtigst... [Stadt, Hafen usw.]

    second largest/highest — etc. zweitgrößt.../-höchst... usw.

    2. noun
    1) (unit of time or angle) Sekunde, die
    2) (coll.): (moment) Sekunde, die (ugs.)

    in a second (immediately) sofort (ugs.); (very quickly) im Nu (ugs.)

    just a second!(coll.) einen Moment!

    3) (additional person or thing)

    a second — noch einer/eine/eins

    4)

    the second (in sequence) der/die/das zweite; (in rank) der/die/das Zweite

    be the second to arrive — als zweiter/zweite ankommen

    5) (in duel, boxing) Sekundant, der/Sekundantin, die
    6) in pl. (helping of food) zweite Portion; (second course) zweiter Gang

    the second [of the month] — der Zweite [des Monats]

    8) in pl. (goods of second quality) Waren zweiter Wahl
    9) (Brit. Univ.) ≈ Gut, das; ≈ Zwei, die
    3. transitive verb
    (support) unterstützen [Antrag, Nominierung]

    I'll second that!(coll.) dem schließe ich mich an!

    II transitive verb
    (transfer) vorübergehend versetzen
    * * *
    adj.
    zweit adj. n.
    Sekunde -n f. v.
    helfen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: half, geholfen)
    unterstützen v.

    English-german dictionary > second

  • 10 say

    1. n высказывание, мнение, слово

    he has had his say — он уже высказал своё мнение, он уже имел возможность высказаться

    which is to say — то есть; другими словами

    2. n авторитет, влияние
    3. v говорить, сказать

    he said he was busy — он сказал, что он занят

    she said she wanted to see me — она сказала, что хочет видеть меня

    he said she should come — он сказал, чтобы она пришла

    I say you must do it — я говорю, что ты должен это сделать

    to say nothing — ничего не сказать, молчать

    I have nothing to say — мне нечего сказать, мне не о чем говорить

    say no more! — ни слова больше!, хватит!

    to say to oneself — сказать себе, думать про себя

    easier said than done — легче сказать, чем сделать

    no sooner said than done — сказано — сделано

    the less said the better — чем меньше слов, тем лучше

    that is to say — другими словами, иначе говоря, то есть

    to say what one knows — говорить, что знаешь

    do it because I say so — сделай это, потому что я так говорю

    the news surprised me, I must say — признаюсь, эти новости удивили меня

    to say thank you — сказать «спасибо», благодарить

    to say good morning — желать доброго утра, здороваться утром

    to say good night — желать спокойной ночи, прощаться

    to say goodbye — сказать «до свидания», прощаться

    he knows no mathematics to say nothing of cybernetics — он не имеет представления о математике, не говоря уже о кибернетике

    not to say … — чтобы не сказать …

    I feel emboldened to say … — беру на себя смелость сказать …

    he is haywire to say that — он свихнулся, раз говорит такое

    finally, I have to say … — в заключение я должен сказать …

    4. v выражать

    he is, if I may say so, a fool — он, с позволения сказать, дурак

    5. v обыкн. безл. говорить, утверждать, сообщать

    people say the experiment was successful — говорят, что опыт удался

    it is said in the papers that the treaty was signed yesterday — в газетах сообщают, что договор был подписан вчера

    he is said to be a great singer — говорят, он выдающийся певец

    they say that … — говорят, что …

    men say that … — люди говорят, что …

    mind what I say — слушай, что я говорю

    6. v гласить; говориться

    the law says … — закон гласит …, по закону …

    the text of the treaty says — текст договора гласит, в тексте договора записано

    the telegram says, it says in the telegram — телеграмма гласит, в телеграмме сказано

    the letter says, it says in the letterв письме говорится

    7. v иметь или высказывать мнение, считать, полагать

    it was said by Plato that … — Платон утверждал, что …; у Платона сказано, что …

    what I say is — по-моему, по моему мнению, я считаю, мне кажется

    I say you must do it — я считаю, что ты должен это сделать

    and so say all of us — и мы тоже так думаем, и мы такого же мнения

    to say out — высказаться откровенно, облегчить душу

    I wish I could say when it will happen — хотел бы я знать, когда это произойдёт

    there is no saying how all this will end — кто знает, как всё это кончится

    I should say that he is right — я бы сказал, что он прав

    is it expensive?I should say not — это дорого? — Я бы не сказал

    to have smth. to sayиметь мнение

    what have you to say ? — какое у вас мнение?; что вы скажете?

    what did he say to that? — каково его мнение на этот счёт?, что он об этом думает?, что он на это сказал?

    8. v приводить доводы, аргументы; свидетельствовать

    I cannot say much for his style — я невысокого мнения об его стиле; об его стиле говорить не приходится

    to have smth. to sayвозражать

    I am afraid he will have smth. to say about it — боюсь, что он будет недоволен этим

    to have nothing to say — не иметь доводов, не находить аргументов

    9. v читать наизусть, декламировать
    10. v повторять наизусть, произносить вслух
    11. v допускать; предполагать

    let us say — скажем, например, к примеру сказать, примерно

    come to see me one of these days, let us say Sunday — приходи ко мне на этих днях, скажем, в воскресенье

    12. v уст. поэт. высказаться

    say, how is that?ну как же так?

    so you say! — рассказывайте!, так я вам и поверил!

    I should say so! — ещё бы!, конечно!

    I should say not! — ни за что!, конечно, нет!

    it is just as you say, you said itвот именно

    say when — скажи, когда довольно

    to say the word — приказать; распорядиться

    you have only to say the word — вам стоит только слово сказать, только прикажите

    13. adv приблизительно, примерно
    14. adv например

    if we compress any gas say oxygen — если мы сожмём любой газ, например кислород

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. voice (noun) ballot; franchise; opinion; say-so; suffrage; voice; vote
    2. maintain (verb) affirm; allege; answer; argue; assert; claim; contend; declare; hold; maintain; respond
    3. repeat (verb) iterate; recite; rehearse; reiterate; repeat
    4. show (verb) indicate; mark; read; record; register; show
    5. state (verb) announce; articulate; bring out; chime in; come out with; communicate; convey; declare; deliver; enunciate; express; phonate; pronounce; relate; remark; speak; state; tell; throw out; utter; vent; vocalise; vocalize; voice
    6. for example (other) as a case in point; as an example; as an illustration; e.g.; exempli gratia (Latin); for example; for instance
    7. nearly (other) about; all but; almost; approximately; around; as good as; just about; more or less; most; much; nearly; nigh; practically; roughly; round; roundly; rudely; some; somewhere; virtually; well-nigh

    English-Russian base dictionary > say

  • 11 spot

    [spɔt] 1. сущ.
    1)
    а) пятнышко; крапинка
    б) пятно; капля

    spot of blood — капля крови; кровяное пятно

    to get out / remove a spot — выводить пятно

    to leave / make a spot — посадить пятно

    Luckily I managed to get home half an hour before the first spots of rain started to fall. — К счастью мне удалось добраться до дома за полчаса до того, как упали первые капли дождя.

    A few spots of blood were found near the telephone. — Возле телефона были обнаружены следы крови.

    2) амер. значок масти ( на картах); очко, точка (на игральных костях, домино)
    Syn:
    pip II 1)
    3) тень, позор, пятно (на чьей-л. репутации)
    Syn:
    fault 1.
    4)
    Syn:
    б) пятно на коже (сыпь, румянец)

    His skin was covered in spots. — Его кожа была покрыта сыпью.

    Two spots of red appeared on her cheeks. — На её щеках появился румянец.

    5) место, местность; небольшой участок местности

    to be rooted / frozen to the spot — стоять как вкопанный

    The monuments mark the exact / very spot where Columbus came ashore. — Монументы обозначают то самое место, где Колумб ступил на берег.

    There was one spot in Rome which was calm amid all tumults. (Farrar) — В Риме было только одно место, лишённое всей этой суматохи.

    - retired spot
    - secluded spot
    - trouble spot
    - spot broadcasting
    Syn:
    site, place 1.
    6) преим. брит.; разг. небольшое количество, небольшая порция чего-л. (еды, питья и т. п.)
    Syn:
    bit I
    7) разг. затруднительное положение

    to put smb. on the spot — поставить кого-л. затруднительное, неловкое положение

    He asked the question that put me on the spot. — Он задал мне вопрос, поставивший меня в неловкое положение.

    9) прожектор, подсветка
    Syn:
    10) ткань, покрытая рисунком, напоминающим пятнышки или крапинки
    11) (- spot) амер.; разг.
    а) купюра, достоинством в столько-то долларов

    five- / ten-spot — пятёрка, десятка

    12)

    England stay in the top spot after today's win. — Сборная Англии одержала сегодня победу и продолжает занимать первую строчку в турнирной таблице.

    13)
    а) (эстрадный) номер; выступление
    Syn:
    б) тлв.; радио рекламная пауза, перерыв для рекламы
    14) спорт.; сокр. от penalty spot одиннадцатиметровая отметка (точка, с которой пробивают пенальти)
    ••

    soft spot — слабость, симпатия, влечение; слабое место

    sore / tender spot — больное, уязвимое место

    2. гл.
    1)
    а) пятнать, пачкать, покрываться пятнами
    б) пачкаться, покрываться пятнами
    Syn:
    stain 2.
    2) позорить, пятнать (чью-л. репутацию и т. п.), бросать тень (на чью-л. репутацию), дискредитировать, компрометировать
    Syn:
    stain 2., disgrace 2., tarnish 2.
    3)
    а) увидеть, заметить, узнать; определить

    to spot smb.'s talent — заметить чей-л. талант

    to spot smb. in the crowd — заметить кого-л. в толпе

    He was spotted by a talent scout and signed up by Warner Brothers. — Его заметил один их "охотников за талантами", и компания "Уорнер бразерс" заключила с ним контракт.

    The robber had run off when he was spotted breaking into a house. — Грабитель пытался проникнуть в дом, но его засекли, и он сбежал.

    Syn:
    б) воен. засечь, обнаружить, установить ( местоположение противника)
    Syn:
    4)
    а) воен. корректировать стрельбу; предельно точно нацеливать ( орудия)
    5)
    а) располагать на определённом расстоянии, с определённым интервалом
    б) усеивать, усыпать (чем-л.)

    Pinks and forget-me-nots spot her robe. — Её платье усеяно гвоздиками и незабудками.

    Syn:
    stud I 2.
    6) = spot out выводить ( пятна)
    7) разг.

    It is spotting with rain. — Идёт мелкий дождь.

    Blood is spotted on to filter paper. — Капля крови наносится на фильтровальную бумагу.

    8) разг. предсказывать, угадывать заранее

    I spotted a few winners. (E. J. Goodman) — Я угадал нескольких победителей.

    9) амер. давать фору

    He spotted me two points. — Он дал мне два очка форы.

    10) спорт. подстраховывать спортсмена во время упражнений (в гимнастике, тяжёлой атлетике)
    11) разг. одалживать

    to spot smb. $100 until payday — одолжить кому-л. стольник до получки

    12) разг.
    а) ( be spotted) разыскиваться ( полицией), быть в розыске

    The police got to know him, he became spotted. — Полиция узнала про него, и теперь его разыскивают.

    б) выдать (кого-л.), донести (на кого-л.)

    This man had "spotted" the other, to save himself and get the money. (Ch. Dickens) — Этот человек выдал другого, чтобы спастись и получить деньги.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > spot

  • 12 say

    seɪ
    1. гл.
    1) говорить;
    сказать, произнести вслух they say - it is said let us say there is no saying say no say no more say nothing of say nay Syn: communicate, speak, state, verbalize
    2) а) повторять наизусть;
    произносить вслух, читать, отвечать (урок и т. п.) At the wedding ceremony, the priest said, 'Say after me...' ≈ Во время свадебной церемонии священник сказал: "Повторяйте за мной..." б) декламировать;
    читать наизусть, по памяти
    3) а) считать, полагать;
    высказывать свое мнение What do you say to going to a cinema tonight? ≈ Что ты думаешь по поводу того, чтобы сходить в кино сегодня вечером? б) приводить доводы, аргументы;
    свидетельствовать (за, против for, against) The villagers had plenty to say against the building of the new airport. ≈ У жителей деревни было много аргументов против строительства нового аэропорта. Losing that contract doesn't say much for the directors skill in business. ≈ Потеря контракта - это не аргумент для искушенного в бизнесе директора.
    4) показывать( о приборе, часах и т. п.) Syn: indicate ∙ say over I say!, say! ≈ послушайте!;
    ну и ну! no sooner said than done ≈ сказано - сделано when all is said and done ≈ в конечном счете before you could say Jack Robinsonмоментально;
    не успеешь оглянуться, как;
    и опомниться не успеешь, как you don't say so! you said it you may well say so what I say is I should say I should say so hear say that is to say say the word
    2. сущ.
    1) мнение, слово Syn: opinion
    2) авторитет, влияние to have the say амер. ≈ иметь влияние в какой-то сфере, распоряжаться Syn: influence, impact высказывание, мнение, слово - to have one's * высказываться;
    высказывать свое мнение - he has had his * он уже высказал свое мнение, он уже имел возможность высказаться - it is now my * теперь я скажу /моя очередь говорить/ - let him have his * пусть он выскажется - to say one's * высказывать все, что думаешь авторитет, влияние - to have a * in the matter иметь влияние в каком-л. деле;
    участвовать в решении какого-л. вопроса - to have no * in the matter не иметь права вмешиваться в решение или обсуждение какого-л. вопроса - I have no * in this matter не я решаю этот вопрос - to have the * (американизм) иметь право окончательно решать( что-л.) - who has the * in the matter? за кем решающее слово в этом вопросе? говорить, сказать - "All right", he *s "Хорошо", - говорит он - "Come here", said he "Подойди(те) сюда", - сказал он - "I will do it", she said (resolutely) "Я сделаю это", - (про) молвила она (решительно) - he said it sharply он сказал это резко - what does he *? что он говорит? - he said (that) he was busy он сказал, что он занят - she said (that) she wanted to see me она сказала, что хочет видеть меня - he said (that) she should come он сказал /велел/, чтобы она пришла - I * (that) you must do it я говорю, что ты должен это сделать - to * smth. to smb. сказать что-л. кому-л. - I have smth. to * to you мне нужно тебе кое-что сказать - to * nothing ничего на сказать /не говорить/, (про) молчать - I have nothing to * мне нечего сказать, мне не о чем говорить - I have nothing to * to him мне нечего ему сказать;
    мне с ним не о чем говорить, я и говорить с ним не желаю - I shall * no more я больше ничего не скажу - * no more! ни слова больше!, хватит! - he didn't * a word он не вымолвил /не произнес, не сказал/ ни (одного) слова - to * to oneself сказать себе, (по) думать про себя - to * smth. again повторять что-л. - * that again! повторите! - to * over a role повторять /учить/ роль - to * smth. over and over again повторять что-л. без конца - they * such things out of /through/ envy они говорят такие вещи из зависти - easier said than done легче сказать, чем сделать - no sooner said than done сказано - сделано - the less said the better чем меньше слов, тем лучше - (the) least said (the) soonest mended (пословица) словами делу не поможешь;
    разговорами можно только испортить дело - that is to * другими /иными/ словами, иначе говоря, то есть - in three weeks' time, that is to * on January 20 через три недели, другими словами /то есть/ 20-го января - to * what one knows говорить (то), что знаешь - do it because I * so сделай это, потому что я так говорю /велю/ - you have no right to * so! вы не имеете права так говорить! - I'm glad to * с радостью могу сказать /отметить и т. п./ - I'm sorry to *... к сожалению... - I must * признаться - the news surprised me, I must * признаюсь /признаться сказать/, эти новости удивили меня - I mean to * (that...) (этим) я хочу сказать (что...) - you don't mean to * that... неужели вы хотите сказать, что... - to * yes сказать /говорить/ "да", давать согласие, соглашаться;
    подтерждать (заявление, сообщение) - to * yes to an invitation принимать приглашение - to * no сказать /говорить/ "нет", не давать согласия, отказывать;
    отрицать, опровергать( заявление, сообщение) - to * no to an invitation не принять /отказаться от/ приглашения - she again said no to me она опять отказала мне - to * smb. nay отклонить /отвергнуть/ чью-л. просьбу - to * thank you сказать "спасибо", (по) благодарить - to * good morning( to smb.) (по) желать( кому-л.) доброго утра, (по) здороваться( с кем-л.) утром - to * good night (to smb.) (по) желать (кому-л.) спокойной ночи, (по) прощаться( с кем-л.) - to * goodbye сказать "до свидания", (по) прощаться - to * nothing of не говоря( уже) (о чем-л.) - he knows no mathematics to * nothing of cybernetics он не имеет представления о математике, не говоря уже о кибернетике - not to *... чтобы не сказать... - he was rude, not to * insolent он держал себя грубо, чтобы не сказать нагло - (it) goes without *ing само собой разумеется выражать - that was well said это было хорошо сказано - I don't know how to * it я не знаю, как это сказать /выразить/ - if I may * so если можно так выразиться - he is, if I may * so, a fool он, с позволения сказать, дурак - her eyes said more than her words ее глаза были красноречивее ее слов - America, or, better said, the United States of America Америка, или, правильнее сказать, Соединенные Штаты Америки обыкн. безл. говорить, утверждать( что, якобы), сообщать - people /they/ * (that) the experiment was successful говорят /ходят слухи/, что опыт удался - it is said in the papers that the treaty was signed yesterday в газетах сообщают6 что договор был подписан вчера - he is said to be /they * he is/ a great singer говорят, (что) он выдающийся певец - he is said to swim well говорят, (что) он хорошо плавает - it is generally said that... обычно утверждают /считают/, что... гласить;
    говориться - the law *s... закон гласит..., по закону... - the text of the treaty *s текст договора гласит, в тексте договора записано - the telegram *s, it *s /is said/ in the telegram телеграмма гласит, в телеграмме сказано - the letter *s, it *s /is said/ in the letter в письме говорится - the notice *s that the show is cancelled в объявлении сказано, что спектакль отменяется - the tower clock *s ten o'clock на башенных часах десять (часов), башенные часы показывают десять (часов) - the publisher *s in the preface that... издатель говорит в своем предисловии, что... иметь или высказывать мнение, считать, полагать - it was said by Plato that... Платон утверждал, что...;
    у Платона сказано /говорится/, что... - what I * is по-моему, по моему мнению, я считаю, мне кажется - I * you must do it я считаю, что ты должен это сделать - and so * all of us и мы тоже так думаем, и мы такого же мнения - to * out /(редк) away/ высказаться откровенно, облегчить душу - I cannot /couldn't/ * (whether he will come) я не знаю (придет ли он) - I wish I could * when it will happen хотел бы я знать, когда это произойдет - it is hard to * why трудно (с уверенностью) сказать, почему - there is no *ing how all this will end кто знает, как /чем/ все это кончится - I should * that he is right я бы сказал /я полагаю/, что он прав - is it expensive? - I should * not это дорого? - Я бы не сказал /Не думаю/ - you wouldn't * by his look that... по его виду не скажешь, что... - to have smth. to * (to /about/ smth.) иметь мнение (относительно чего-л.) - what have you to * (to all this) ? какое у вас (обо всем этом) мнение?;
    что вы (обо всем этом /на все это/) скажете? - what did he * to that? каково его мнение на этот счет?, что он об этом думаент?, что он на это сказал? - what do you * to my proposal? как вы смотрите на мое предложение? - what do you * /what * you/ to a meal? как насчет того, чтобы поесть? - what do you * to a game of tennis? сыграем /не хотите ли сыграть/ в теннис? приводить доводы, аргументы;
    свидетельствовать - to * smth. for smth., smb. высказываться за что-л., кого-л.;
    свидетельствовать в пользу чего-л., кого-л. - I cannot * much for this method мне нечего сказать в пользу этого метода - I can't * much for his mathematics я не могу сказать, чтобы он был очень силен в математике - that doesn't * much for his intelligence это не свидетельствует о его большом уме - I cannot * much for his style я невысокого мнения о его стиле;
    об его стиле говорить не приходится - it *s little to me мне это мало что говорит - there is much to * /to be said/ for this plan многое говорит в пользу этого плана - there is much to be said on both sides есть много доводов и за и против - to * a good word for smb. замолвить за кого-л. словечко - to have smth. to * возражать - he always has smth. to * to my friends он всегда возражает против моих друзей - I am afraid he will have smth. to * about it боюсь, что он будет недоволен этим /возражать против этого/ - to have smth. to * for oneself сказать что-л. в свою защиту /в свое оправдание/;
    рассказывать кое-что о себе;
    (разговорное) быть разговорчивым, бойким на язык - what have you to * for yourself? что вы можете сказать в свое оправдание?;
    что вы можете о себе рассказать?, что у вас нового? - he has plenty to * for himself он за словом в карман не полезет - to have nothing to * не иметь доводов, не находить аргументов - I have nothing to * to this мне нечего на это возразить - I have nothing to * against him я ничего против него не имею - to have nothing to * for oneself не знать, что сказать в свою защиту /в свое оправдание/;
    (разговорное) быть неразговорчивым читать наизусть, декламировать - to * a poem читать /декламировать/ стихотворение повторять наизусть, произносить вслух - to * a lesson отвечать урок( учителю) - to * one's lessons повторять уроки - to * one's prayers молиться, читать молитвы - to * grace прочесть молитву (перед трапезой) - to * mass служить мессу /обедню/ допускать;
    предполагать - let us say скажем, например, к примеру сказать, примерно - come to see me one of these days, let us * Sunday приходи ко мне на этих днях, скажем, в воскресенье - if fifty is too much, shall we * thirty? если пятьдесят слишком много, то тогда, может быть, тридцать? - well, * it were true, what then? ну, допустим, (что) это верно, что ж из того? ( устаревшее) высказаться > I *!, *! послушайте!, эй! (оклик или восклицание, рассчитанные на привлечение внимания собеседника) ;
    да ну!, ну и ну!, вот так так!, вот тебе и на! (выражает удивление или протест) > I *, what's the point of all this? послушай, в чем смысл всего этого? > I *, do come and look at this! подойди же и посмотри на это! > *, how is that? ну как же так? > oh, I*! It was you who spoke to me! да что вы! Это ведь вы заговрили первая! > so you *! рассказывайте!, так я вам и поверил! > *s you!, тж. sez you! (просторечие) брехня!, как бы не так!, еще чего скажешь! > I should * so! еще бы!, конечно! > I should * not! ни за что!, конечно, нет! > you don't * (so) ! что вы говорите!, не может быть!, неужели!, скажи(те) на милость /пожалуйста/! > it is just as you *, you said it вот именно > you may well * so! совершенно верно /точно/! > * when скажи, когда довольно( обычно говорят, наливая в рюмку вино) > to * the word приказать;
    распорядиться > you have only to * the word вам стоит только слово сказать, только прикажите > what he *s goes его слово - закон > when all is said and done в конечном счете > to * it with flowers галантно ухаживать;
    передавать чье-л. поручение, привет и т. п. в утонченно-любезной форме > before you could * Jack Robinson /knife/ не успеешь оглянуться, в один момент приблизительно, примерно - the property is worth, *, four million dollars это владение стоит приблизительно четыре миллиона долларов например - if we compress any gas say oxygen если мы сожмем любой газ, например /скажем, хотя бы/ кислород before you could ~ Jack Robinson моментально;
    не успеешь оглянуться, как;
    и опомниться не успеешь, как ~ указывать, показывать;
    the clock says five minutes after twelve часы показывают пять минут первого a few of them, ~ a dozen несколько из них, скажем, дюжина;
    well, say it were true, what then? ну, допустим, что это верно, что же из этого? say влияние, авторитет;
    to have no say in the matter не участвовать в обсуждении или решении (какого-л.) вопроса;
    to have the say амер. распоряжаться to have nothing to ~ for oneself разг. быть неразговорчивым to have nothing to ~ for oneself не иметь, что сказать в свою защиту say влияние, авторитет;
    to have no say in the matter не участвовать в обсуждении или решении (какого-л.) вопроса;
    to have the say амер. распоряжаться I should ~ ничего себе, нечего сказать;
    I should say so еще бы, конечно;
    to hear say слышать sayover повторять;
    I say!, амер. say! послушайте!;
    ну и ну! I should ~ ничего себе, нечего сказать;
    I should say so еще бы, конечно;
    to hear say слышать I should ~ я полагаю I should ~ ничего себе, нечего сказать;
    I should say so еще бы, конечно;
    to hear say слышать ~ (said) говорить, сказать;
    they say, it is said говорят;
    it says in the book в книге говорится ~ (said) говорить, сказать;
    they say, it is said говорят;
    it says in the book в книге говорится ~ мнение, слово;
    let him have his say пусть он выскажется no sooner said than done сказано - сделано;
    that is to say то есть a few of them, ~ a dozen несколько из них, скажем, дюжина;
    well, say it were true, what then? ну, допустим, что это верно, что же из этого? ~ произносить, повторять наизусть;
    декламировать;
    to say one's lesson отвечать урок;
    to say grace прочесть молитву (перед трапезой) a few of them, ~ a dozen несколько из них, скажем, дюжина;
    well, say it were true, what then? ну, допустим, что это верно, что же из этого? to ~ no отказать;
    to say no more замолчать;
    to say nothing of не говоря о;
    to say (smb.) nay отказать (кому-л.) в просьбе to ~ no отрицать to ~ no отказать;
    to say no more замолчать;
    to say nothing of не говоря о;
    to say (smb.) nay отказать (кому-л.) в просьбе to ~ no отказать;
    to say no more замолчать;
    to say nothing of не говоря о;
    to say (smb.) nay отказать (кому-л.) в просьбе ~ произносить, повторять наизусть;
    декламировать;
    to say one's lesson отвечать урок;
    to say grace прочесть молитву (перед трапезой) to ~ the word приказать, распорядиться;
    when all is said and done в конечном счете to ~ to oneself сказать себе, подумать про себя;
    there is no saying кто знает, невозможно сказать sayover повторять;
    I say!, амер. say! послушайте!;
    ну и ну! no sooner said than done сказано - сделано;
    that is to say то есть to ~ to oneself сказать себе, подумать про себя;
    there is no saying кто знает, невозможно сказать ~ (said) говорить, сказать;
    they say, it is said говорят;
    it says in the book в книге говорится they: they pron pers.( в неопределенно-личных оборотах): they say говорят what do you ~ to a game of billiards? не хотите ли сыграть в бильярд?;
    (let us) say скажем, например you may well ~ so совершенно верно;
    what I say is по-моему a few of them, ~ a dozen несколько из них, скажем, дюжина;
    well, say it were true, what then? ну, допустим, что это верно, что же из этого? to ~ the word приказать, распорядиться;
    when all is said and done в конечном счете you don't ~ (so) ! да ну!, не может быть!;
    you said it разг. вот именно you may well ~ so совершенно верно;
    what I say is по-моему you don't ~ (so) ! да ну!, не может быть!;
    you said it разг. вот именно

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > say

  • 13 say

    1. [seı] n
    1. высказывание, мнение, слово

    to have one's say - высказываться; высказывать своё мнение

    he has had his say - он уже высказал своё мнение, он уже имел возможность высказаться

    it is now my say - теперь я скажу /моя очередь говорить/

    to say one's say - высказывать всё, что думаешь

    2. авторитет, влияние

    to have a say in the matter - иметь, влияние в каком-л. деле; участвовать в решении какого-л. вопроса

    to have the say - амер. иметь право окончательно решать (что-л.)

    who has the say in the matter? - за кем решающее слово в этом вопросе?

    2. [seı] v (said)
    1. 1) говорить, сказать
    ❝All right❞, he says - «Хорошо», - говорит он
    ❝Come here❞, said he - «Подойди(те) сюда», - сказал он
    ❝I will do it❞, she said (resolutely) - «Я сделаю это», - (про)молвила она (решительно)

    he said it sharply [in a harsh voice] - он сказал это резко [резким /сердитым/ голосом]

    what does he say? - что он говорит?

    he said (that) he was busy - он сказал, что он занят

    she said (that) she wanted to see me [to read this book] - она сказала, что хочет видеть меня [прочесть эту книгу]

    he said (that) she should come - он сказал /велел/, чтобы она пришла

    I say (that) you must do it - я говорю, что ты должен это сделать [см. тж. 4]

    to say smth. to smb. - сказать что-л. кому-л.

    I have smth. to say to you - мне нужно тебе кое-что сказать [ср. тж. 4 и 5]

    to say nothing - ничего не сказать /не говорить/, (про)молчать

    I have nothing to say - мне нечего сказать, мне не о чем говорить [см. тж. 5]

    I have nothing to say to him - а) мне нечего ему сказать; б) мне с ним не о чем говорить, я и говорить с ним не желаю

    say no more! - ни слова больше!, хватит!

    he didn't say a word - он не вымолвил /не произнёс, не сказал/ ни (одного) слова

    to say to oneself - сказать себе, (по)думать про себя

    to say smth. again - повторять что-л.

    say that again! - повторите!

    to say over a role - повторять /учить/ роль

    to say smth. over and over again - повторять что-л. без конца

    they say such things out of /through/ envy - они говорят такие вещи из зависти

    easier said than done - легче сказать, чем сделать

    the less said the better - чем меньше слов, тем лучше

    (the) least said (the) soonest mended - посл. ≅ словами делу не поможешь; разговорами можно только испортить дело

    that is to say - другими /иными/ словами, иначе говоря, то есть

    in three weeks' time, that is to say on January 20 - через три недели, другими словами /то есть/ 20-го января

    to say what one knows [wants] - говорить (то), что знаешь [хочешь]

    do it because I say so - сделай это, потому что я так говорю /велю/

    you have no right to say so! - вы не имеете права так говорить!

    I'm glad to say - с радостью могу сказать /отметить и т. п./

    I'm sorry to say... - к сожалению...

    the news surprised me, I must say - признаюсь /признаться сказать/, эти новости удивили меня

    I mean to say (that...) - (этим) я хочу сказать (что...)

    you don't mean to say that... - неужели вы хотите сказать, что...

    to say yes - а) сказать /говорить/ «да», давать согласие, соглашаться; to say yes to an invitation [to a proposal] - принимать приглашение [предложение]; б) подтверждать (заявление, сообщение)

    to say no - а) сказать /говорить/ «нет», не давать согласия, отказывать; to say no to an invitation [to a proposal] - не принять /отказаться от/ приглашения [предложения]; she again said no to me - она опять отказала мне; б) отрицать, опровергать (заявление, сообщение)

    to say smb. nay - отклонить /отвергнуть/ чью-л. просьбу

    to say thank you - сказать «спасибо», (по)благодарить

    to say good morning (to smb.) - (по)желать (кому-л.) доброго утра, (по)здороваться (с кем-л.) утром

    to say good night (to smb.) - (по)желать (кому-л.) спокойной ночи, (по)прощаться (с кем-л.)

    to say goodbye - сказать «до свидания», (по)прощаться

    he knows no mathematics to say nothing of cybernetics - он не имеет представления о математике, не говоря уже о кибернетике

    not to say... - чтобы не сказать...

    he was rude, not to say insolent - он держал себя грубо, чтобы не сказать нагло

    2) выражать

    I don't know how to say it - я не знаю, как это сказать /выразить/

    he is, if I may say so, a fool - он, с позволения сказать, дурак

    America, or, better said, the United States of America - Америка, или, правильнее сказать, Соединённые Штаты Америки

    2. обыкн. безл. говорить, утверждать (что, якобы), сообщать

    people /they/ say (that) the experiment was successful - говорят /ходят слухи/, что опыт удался

    it is said in the papers that the treaty was signed yesterday - в газетах сообщают, что договор был подписан вчера

    he is said to be /they say he is/ a great singer - говорят, (что) он выдающийся певец

    he is said to swim well - говорят, (что) он хорошо плавает

    it is generally said that... - обычно утверждают /считают/, что...

    3. гласить; говориться

    the law says... - закон гласит..., по закону...

    the text of the treaty says - текст договора гласит, в тексте договора записано

    the telegram says, it says /is said/ in the telegram - телеграмма гласит, в телеграмме сказано

    the letter says, it says /is said/ in the letter - в письме говорится

    the notice says that the show is cancelled - в объявлении сказано, что спектакль отменяется

    the tower clock says ten o'clock - на башенных часах десять (часов), башенные часы показывают десять (часов)

    the publisher says in the preface that... - издатель говорит в своём предисловии, что...

    4. иметь или высказывать мнение, считать, полагать

    it was said by Plato that... - Платон утверждал, что...; у Платона сказано /говорится/, что...

    what I say is - по-моему, по моему мнению, я считаю, мне кажется

    I say you must do it - я считаю, что ты должен это сделать [см. тж. 1, 1)]

    and so say all of us - и мы тоже так думаем, и мы такого же мнения

    to say out /редк. away/ - высказаться откровенно, облегчить душу

    I cannot /couldn't/ say (whether he will come) - я не знаю (придёт ли он)

    I wish I could say when it will happen - хотел бы я знать, когда это произойдёт

    it is hard to say why [who it was] - трудно (с уверенностью) сказать почему [кто это был]

    there is no saying how all this will end - кто знает, как /чем/ всё это кончится

    I should say that he is right - я бы сказал /я полагаю/, что он прав

    is it expensive? - I should say not - это дорого? - Я бы не сказал /Не думаю/ [ср. тж. ]

    you wouldn't say by his look that... - по его виду не скажешь, что...

    to have smth. to say (to /about/ smth.) - иметь мнение (относительно чего-л.) [ср. тж. 1, 1) и 5]

    what have you to say (to all this)? - какое у вас (обо всём этом) мнение?; что вы (обо всём этом /на всё это/) скажете?

    what did he say to that? - каково его мнение на этот счёт?, что он об этом думает?, что он на это сказал?

    what do you say to my proposal? - как вы смотрите на моё предложение?

    what do you say /what say you/ to a meal [to a trip to London]? - как насчёт того, чтобы поесть [съездить в Лондон]?

    what do you say to a game of tennis? - сыграем /не хотите ли сыграть/ в теннис?

    5. приводить доводы, аргументы; свидетельствовать

    to say smth. for [against] smth., smb. - высказываться за [против] чего-л., кого-л.; свидетельствовать в пользу [против] чего-л., кого-л.

    I cannot say much for this method - мне нечего сказать в пользу этого метода

    I can't say much for his mathematics - я не могу сказать, чтобы он был очень силён в математике

    that doesn't say much for his intelligence - это не свидетельствует о его большом уме

    I cannot say much for his style - я невысокого мнения об его стиле; об его стиле говорить не приходится

    there is much to say /to be said/ for [against] this plan - многое говорит в пользу [не в пользу] этого плана

    to say a good word for smb. - замолвить за кого-л. словечко

    to have smth. to say - возражать [ср. тж. 1, 1) и 4]

    he always has smth. to say to my friends [to their coming] - он всегда возражает против моих друзей [их приезда]

    I am afraid he will have smth. to say about it - боюсь, что он будет недоволен этим /возражать против этого/

    to have smth. to say for oneself - а) сказать что-л. в свою защиту /в своё оправдание/; what have you to say for yourself? - что вы можете сказать в своё оправдание [см. тж. б)]; б) рассказывать кое-что себе; what have you to say for yourself? - что вы можете о себе рассказать?, что у вас нового? [см. тж. а)]; в) разг. быть разговорчивым, бойким на язык

    to have nothing to say - не иметь доводов, не находить аргументов [см. тж. 1, 1)]

    to have nothing to say for oneself - а) не знать, что сказать в свою защиту /в своё оправдание/; б) разг. быть неразговорчивым

    6. 1) читать наизусть, декламировать

    to say a poem - читать /декламировать/ стихотворение

    2) повторять наизусть, произносить вслух

    to say one's prayers - молиться, читать молитвы

    to say mass - служить мессу /обедню/

    7. допускать; предполагать

    let us say - скажем, например, к примеру сказать, примерно

    come to see me one of these days, let us say Sunday - приходи ко мне на этих днях, скажем, в воскресенье

    if fifty is too much, shall we say thirty? - если пятьдесят слишком много, то тогда, может быть, тридцать?

    well, say it were true, what then? - ну, допустим, (что) это верно, что ж из того?

    8. уст. поэт. высказаться

    I say!, say! - а) послушайте!, эй! (оклик или восклицание, рассчитанные на привлечение внимания собеседника); I say, what's the point of all this? - послушай, в чём смысл всего этого?; I say, do come and look at this! - подойди же и посмотри на это!; б) да ну!, ну и ну!, вот так так!, вот тебе и на! ( выражает удивление или протест)

    say, how is that? - ну как же так?

    oh, I say! It was you who spoke to me! - да что вы! Это ведь вы заговорили первая!

    so you say! - рассказывайте!, так я вам и поверил!

    says you!, тж. sez you! - прост. брехня!, как бы не так!, ещё чего скажешь!

    I should say so! - ещё бы!, конечно!

    I should say not! - ни за что!, конечно, нет! [ср. тж. 4]

    you don't say (so)! - что вы говорите?, не может быть!, неужели!, скажи(те) на милость /пожалуйста/!

    it is just as you say, you said it - вот именно

    you may well say so! - совершенно верно /точно/!

    say when - скажи, когда довольно (обычно говорят, наливая в рюмку вино)

    to say the word - приказать; распорядиться

    you have only to say the word - вам стоит только слово сказать, только прикажите

    to say it with flowers - а) галантно ухаживать; б) передавать чьё-л. поручение, привет и т. п. в утончённо-любезной форме

    before you could say Jack Robinson /knife/ - ≅ не успеешь оглянуться, в один момент

    3. [seı] adv
    1. приблизительно, примерно

    the property is worth, say, four million dollars - это владение стоит приблизительно четыре миллиона долларов

    2. например

    if we compress any gas say oxygen - если мы сожмём любой газ, например /скажем, хотя бы/ кислород

    НБАРС > say

  • 14 laugh

    laugh [lα:f]
    1. noun
       a. rire m
    to have a good laugh at sb/sth bien rire de qn/qch
    it was a laugh a minute! c'était d'un drôle !
    if you want a laugh go to her German class! si tu veux rigoler (inf) va assister à son cours d'allemand !
    what a laugh! quelle rigolade ! (inf)
    it's easy for you to laugh! tu peux rire !
    to laugh to o.s. rire dans sa barbe
    I'll make you laugh on the other side of your face! tu vas le regretter !
    once we get this contract signed we're laughing (inf) une fois ce contrat signé, ce sera dans la poche (inf)
    "don't be silly," he laughed « ne sois pas idiot » dit-il en riant
    [+ person, sb's behaviour] rire de ; (unpleasantly) se moquer de ; [+ difficulty, danger] se rire de
    * * *
    [lɑːf], US [læf] 1.
    1) ( amused noise) rire m

    to get ou raise a laugh — faire rire

    2) (colloq) ( source of amusement)

    let's go to the party, it will be a laugh — (colloq) allons à la fête, on va bien s'amuser

    2.
    intransitive verb rire (about, over de)

    to laugh out loud — rire aux éclats, rire tout haut

    to laugh to oneself — rire en soi-même, rire tout bas

    to laugh at somebody/something — rire de quelqu'un/quelque chose

    he doesn't have much to laugh at ou about these days — ce n'est pas drôle pour lui en ce moment

    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    we're laughing — (colloq) ( in good position) on n'a plus à s'en faire

    he who laughs last laughs longestProv rira bien qui rira le dernier Prov

    you'll be laughing on the other side of your face — tu riras jaune, ça va t'ôter l'envie de rire

    to laugh oneself sick ou silly — se tordre de rire

    English-French dictionary > laugh

  • 15 Smalley, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. c. 1729 England
    d. 28 January 1782 Holywell, Wales.
    [br]
    English helped Arkwright to build and finance the waterframe.
    [br]
    John Smalley of Preston was the second son of John, a chapman of Blackburn. He was a distant relative of Richard Arkwright through marrying, in 1751, Elizabeth Baxter, whose mother Ellen was the widow of Arkwright's uncle, Richard. In the Preston Guild Rolls of 1762 he was described as a grocer and painter, and he was also Landlord of the Bull Inn. The following year he became a bailiff of Preston and in 1765 he became a Corporation steward. On 14 May 1768 Arkwright, Smalley and David Thornley became partners in a cotton-spinning venture in Nottingham. They agreed to apply for a patent for Arkwright's invention of spinning by rollers, and Smalley signed as a witness. It is said that Smalley provided much of the capital for this new venture as he sold his business at Preston for about £1,600, but this was soon found to be insufficient and the partnership had to be enlarged to include Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt.
    Smalley may have helped to establish the spinning mill at Nottingham, but by 28 February 1771 he was back in Preston, for on that day he was chosen a "Councilman in the room of Mr. Thomas Jackson deceased" (Fitton 1989:38). He attended meetings for over a year, but either in 1772 or the following year he sold the Bull Inn, and certainly by August 1774 the Smalleys were living in Cromford, where he became Manager of the mill. He soon found himself at logger-heads with Arkwright; however, Strutt was able to smooth the dispute over for a while. Things came to a head in January 1777 when Arkwright was determined to get rid of Smalley, and the three remaining partners agreed to buy out Smalley's share for the sum of £10,751.
    Although he had agreed not to set up any textile machinery, Smalley moved to Holywell in North Wales, where in the spring of 1777 he built a cotton-spinning mill in the Greenfield valley. He prospered there and his son was later to build two more mills in the same valley. Smalley used to go to Wrexham to sell his yarn, and there met John Peers, a leather merchant, who was able to provide a better quality leather for covering the drawing rollers which came to be used in Lancashire. Smalley died in 1782, shortly before Arkwright could sue him for infringement of his patents.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (draws together the fullest details of John Smalley).
    R.L.Hills, 1969, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (includes details of the agreement with Arkwright).
    A.H.Dodd, 1971, The Industrial Revolution in North Wales, Cardiff; E.J.Foulkes, 1964, "The cotton spinning factories of Flintshire, 1777–1866", Flintshire Historical Society
    Journal 21 (provide more information about his cotton mill at Holywell).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Smalley, John

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